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世界简史(京东定制)

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★《世界简史》由林徽因等译介,在中国长销70周年。
★《世界简史》,全世界狂销200万册,被翻译成30多个国家的文字,50多个版本,可谓是经典中的经典。
★一口气读完,世界为何会成为今天这个样子!理清影响世界发展的脉络,轻松架构世界历史的轮廓。
★此版本《世界简史》为精美插图版!

Content Description

威尔斯的《世界简史》共有六十七章,从宇宙中的地球写起,一直讲到第一次世界大战后的“凡尔赛和约”,从人类文明的开始到第一次世界大战结束,再现了人类文明酸甜苦辣的历程。
作者抛弃了堆积枯燥的文学史料,以抽丝剥茧的方式将冗长繁杂的文学史料简化精炼,简洁明了、脉络清晰地再现了这段历史,称世界史的经典力作。
Author Description

赫伯特乔治威尔斯(1866—1946),英国知名科幻作家、社会思想家,20纪初英国现实主义小说三杰之一,代表作《时间机器》。威尔斯一生创作了一百多部作品,内容涉及文学、科学、历史、社会、政治等各个领域,是现代多产的作家之一。一战后,创作了长达100万字的《世界史纲》,展现了其作为历史学家的一面。《世界简史》是其继巨著《世界史纲》后,又一史学通俗经典之作著作。

Catalogue

第1章空间里的世界
第2章时间里的世界
第3章生命的起源
第4章鱼类时期
第5章石炭纪沼泽期
第6章爬行动物时期
第7章最早的鸟类和哺乳动物
第8章哺乳动物时期
第9章猿、类人猿和原始人
第10章尼安德特人和罗得西亚人
第11章最早的真正人类
第12章原始思维
第13章耕种的开始
第14章新石器时期的原始文明
第15章苏美尔、古埃及和文字
第16章原始游牧民族
第17章最早的航海英雄
第18章埃及、巴比伦和亚述
第19章原始雅利安民族
第20章最后的巴比伦帝国和大流士一世帝国
第21章早期的犹太人
第22章犹太的祭司和先知
第23章希腊文明
第24章希波战争
第25章繁荣的希腊
第26章亚历山大帝国
第27章亚历山大城的科学
第28章释迦牟尼
第29章阿育王
第30章中国的两位伟大圣人——孔子和老子
第31章罗马的兴起
第32章罗马和迦太基
第33章崛起的罗马帝国
第34章罗马和中国
第35章早期罗马帝国的平民生活
第36章罗马帝国时代的宗教
第37章耶稣与基督教
第38章基督教的发展
第39章蛮族入侵和罗马帝国的东西分裂
第40章匈奴人和西罗马帝国的灭亡
第41章拜占庭帝国和萨珊王朝
第42章中国的隋唐时代
第43章穆罕默德和伊斯兰教
第44章阿拉伯的文明
第45章拉丁语基督教的发展
第46章十字军东征与教皇统治时代
第47章王侯顽抗和教会大分裂
第48章蒙古人的征服
第49章欧洲的理性复苏
第50章拉丁教会的变革
第51章查理五世皇帝
第52章欧洲君主制、议会制、共和制的政治实验时代
第53章欧洲新帝国的扩张
第54章美国独立战争
第55章法国大革命和君主制在法国的复辟
第56章拿破仑之后欧洲不稳定的和平
第57章物质知识的发展及所取得的成就
第58章工业革命
第59章现代政治和社会思想的发展
第60章美国的扩张
第61章德国在欧洲的崛起
第62章轮船、铁路时代新的海外帝国
第63章欧洲入侵亚洲和日本的崛起
第64章1914年的大英帝国
第65章欧洲军备时代和第一次世界大战
第66章俄国十月革命
第67章世界政治经济秩序的重建
Book Abstract

第6章
爬行动物时期
在生物丰富的石炭纪之后,紧接而来的是一个干燥的、漫长的时期。这一时期的岩石记录是堆积很厚的砂层岩,不过其中很少见到化石。地球上的温度剧烈变化着,大地多次处于寒冷的冰河时代。之前茂盛的各种各样沼泽地植物,如今已经完全消失了。它们被新的堆积层淹埋,开始了一个压缩和矿物化的过程。正是因为这一过程,如今我们才有丰富的煤炭资源可供开采。
不过,正是在这一个大变动的时期,生物发生了急剧的变化,并且在恶劣的环境中得到了最有价值的进化。当地面环境又恢复到温暖和潮湿时,一系列新的动物和植物先后出现了。在岩石记录中,我们发现了一些卵生脊椎动物,它们的卵在孵化完成前就已经接近发育的成熟阶段。它们的后代一来到这个世界上,就可以在空气中生活,而不必像蛙的后代那样必须在水中生活一段时间。
这些不经过“蝌蚪阶段”的全新动物就是爬行类动物。与此同时,出现了结籽的植物,它们可以不依赖沼泽和湖泊,自由播散种子。此外,还出现了棕榈和苏铁类植物和多种热带带针叶植物。不过,开花的植物和草类还没有出现。
另外,还有种类繁多的羊齿类植物。昆虫的种类也丰富起来。虽然还没有出现蜜蜂和蝴蝶,但已经有了各种甲虫。无论如何,新的、真正的陆生动植物的主要种类在漫长的严寒时期已经形成。它们只要遇到适宜的环境,就会迅速繁荣起来。
一个中生代的沙鱼蜥蜴化石
在经过漫长时间的变化之后,地球终于迎来了一个平和时期。地球不计其数的地壳运动,地球轨道的变化,运行轨道和地轴斜度的增减等一系列因素,共同造就了一个时间漫长且范围极广的温暖环境。如今,根据科学家的推算,这一时期持续的时间大约有两亿年以上。这个时期被称为“中生代”,用来区别之前更遥远的“古生代”和“无生代”(共14亿年),还用来区别介于其末期和现代之间的“新生代”。这一时期也被称为爬行类时期,因为在这个时期爬行动物的数量明显超过其他动物。“中生代”一直持续到大约距今约8000万年以前。
一只翼龙
如今,地球上的爬行动物的种类相当少,分布的区域也十分有限。然而,今天保留下来的这些少数爬行动物,它们的祖先曾在石炭纪主宰着地球。那个时候,它们的种类要比今天丰富得多。其中有一些现在还存在着,比如蛇、鳖、海龟、美洲鳄、鳄鱼及蜥蜴。这些动物无一例外地需要终年温暖的环境,不能暴露在严寒中。不过,也许所有的“中生代”爬行动物对生存环境都有着同样的要求。它们是生活在温室植物丛林中的温室动物,经受不了严寒。不过,此时的地球至少已经出现了真正能在干燥的陆地环境下生存的动植物,它们与地球生物全盛时期的湿地和沼泽中的动植物迥然不同。
那时爬行动物的种类比我们今天所知道的数目要多得多,除了大海龟、龟、巨鳄、蜥蜴和蛇之外,当时还有许多现在已经灭绝的大得令人吃惊的动物。其中有一种称为恐龙的动物品种繁多。至于植物,如芦苇、羊齿类等,它们已经遍布了低平地面。以这些植物的嫩芽为食的食草类动物,它们的体型在“中生代”的全盛时期达到了顶峰。其中最大的,其体型甚至超过了在此之前的所有陆生动物,同海里的鲸鱼的大小相当。比如梁龙,从它的鼻尖到尾尖长达84英尺;又比如巨龙,它的体型更大,足足有100英尺长。以这些巨型动物为食的,则是一些和它们个头差不多的食肉类恐龙。其中有一种叫霸王龙,在许多书中都被描写成为空前绝后的、可怕而凶猛的爬行动物。
一只栖息于沼泽地的大型恐龙,梁龙,从鼻子到尾尖总长24米
当这些巨型动物在“中生代”丛林的蕨叶和常绿植物之间觅食或相互追逐时,一种现已灭绝的其他爬行动物,正用它们那进化成蝙蝠翅膀状的前肢捕捉昆虫,你追我赶。最初,它们只能跳跃,然后靠风鼓动,终于能在森林的树枝间滑翔了,它们就是翼龙。它们是最早的有脊椎的飞行动物,在脊椎动物能力发展史上开创了新纪元。
此外,某些爬行动物又回到了海里生活。有三种会游泳的大型爬行动物回到它们的祖先生活的海洋里,它们是沧龙、蛇颈龙和鱼龙。它们的体型和今天的鲸鱼差不多。鱼龙似乎只有在排卵时才回到海里。至于蛇颈龙,现在已经找不到和它同类的动物。它的体型庞大,强健有力,长着可以划水的器官,在沼泽或浅水处既可以游泳也可以爬行。它的头一般比较小,长在巨蛇一样的脖子上。蛇颈龙不仅可以像天鹅一样在游水时觅食,还可以潜入水下,捕食鱼类和其他动物。
这些就是称霸“中生代”的最主要的陆生动物。以人类的眼光来看,它们比以前的生物有了很大的进步,无论在体型大小、分布范围、力量,还是活动能力方面,都比之前的动物更有生命力。在海洋里,虽然物种的进步没有这样明显,不过海洋生物的新品种也在不断出现。在浅海区,出现了各种带有硬壳、形似鱿鱼的动物,它们被称为菊石类动物。它们的远祖曾经生活在“古生代”的海洋里,直到“中生代”才迎来全盛时期。如今,这种动物已经灭绝。与它们最相似的近亲,是生长在热带海洋里的产珍珠的鹦鹉螺。还有一种新的、多产的鱼类,它们具有比之前鱼类的片形和齿形鱼鳞更优质的鳞片。这种鱼类在此时成为湖泊海洋中的主要物种,并在以后的年代中,始终占据着优势地位。
……
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Jingdong book