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Jingdong book

孟德斯鸠传 启真·思想家

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《孟德斯鸠传(精)》由路易·戴格拉夫著。孟德斯鸠出身于法国西南阿让地方一个姓色贡献达的封建贵族和官僚世家。从16世纪起,这个家庭的成员就先后担任过纳瓦尔王国和亨利四世的宫廷总管。孟德斯鸠这个名字就是让·色贡达所得的封地的地名,而孟德斯鸠在波尔多*高法院的庭长职务就是由其祖父、伯父相传得来的。
Content Description

孟德斯鸠是18世纪法国著名的启蒙思想家,两方现代国家学说和法学理论的奠基人。他的法制思想、三权分立思想、君主立宪思想在历史上产生过非常重要的影响。路易·戴格拉夫一生以研究孟德斯鸠闻名,这本《孟德斯鸠传(精)》是他研究孟德斯鸠生平和思想的力作,史料翔实、脉络清晰、文笔优美是该书的一大特色。

Author Description

赵克非(1934—),北京人,少时辍学,务过农,做过工,后于1957年入北京大学西语系法文专业。毕业之后,初属商务,终归学政。虽也翻译过少许东西,却不过是些业余之作,直至退休,方遂所愿,得以埋头译事。时至今日,已翻译出版雨果、巴尔扎克、戈蒂耶、莫泊桑、纪德、尤瑟纳尔、罗兰、巴特、让·韦尔东等作家的小说、文论及社科著作近二十种。路易·戴格拉夫(LouisDesgraves,1921-1999),法国学者,孟德斯鸠同乡,长期在波尔多市图书馆工作,任馆长。著有《孟德斯鸠传》《孟德斯鸠藏书目录》《拉布莱德古堡与孟德斯鸠》等。许明龙,浙江人。中国社会科学院世界历史研究所研究员。主要学术专长是法国史。现从事世界历史研究。获得2015年第七届傅雷翻译出版奖。著有《18世纪欧洲中国热》等,译有《论法的精神》等。
Catalogue

第一章 家庭与童年
第二章 孟德斯鸠:法官和院士(1714-1721)
第三章 从《波斯人信札》到出国旅行(1721—1728)
第四章 游历欧洲(1728—1731)
第五章 从《罗马盛衰原因论》到《论法的精神》(1731—1748)
第六章 《论法的精神》
第七章 《论法的精神》之“争”
第八章 最后的岁月(1748—1755)
注释
孟德斯鸠生平和著作年表
参考书目
再版后记
Book Abstract

孟德斯鸠在专为他的孙子而写的《我的生平》中说:“尽管以家谱作为开篇,很是笨拙,可是我让你了解你的祖先,毕竟总是有益的。”在《随想录》中,他对儿子让一巴蒂斯特·德·色贡达说道:“孩子,你真幸运,既不必为自己的出身羞愧,也无须洋洋得意。我的财产和我的出身相得益彰。这两者如果匹配不当,我会感到恼火的。”很明显,孟德斯鸠对自己的门第引以为荣:“我说过,出身高贵是幸福,可是,出身低微却并非不幸,厄运对贵贱一视同仁。”然而,对他那源远流长的家族,他却装出一副不甚了了的样子:“尽管我的姓既不高贵也不低贱,充其量只有350年被证明的贵族历史,然而我对它的感情却很深,而且能够进行继承代理这个姓氏的关系却十分紧密,而且是一个可以进行继承代理的族人。”他对祖先的追溯似乎仅限于他的上几代,托词是“我家的尊号在宗教战争的动乱中已被剥夺”。他打定主意不再寻根溯源:除了那些贫寒起家、似乎从天而降的名门望族外,最值得称道的是那些在不知不觉中摆脱了贫贱,而创业者又从不炫耀的殷实的家族。因为,对于一个家族来说,无休止地胡乱编造一些逸闻传说,实在有失体面,我甚至要说,这简直是灾难。那些曾以自己的贫寒为羞耻的人一旦发迹,就为自己的出身而脸红,总觉得自己生来就不该有那样的出身,因而深感羞辱。这些继承了巨额财产的子女,每当想起他们应该感激的先人时,总觉得不大光彩。可以毫不夸张地说,最英勇的行为莫过于我们舞台上出现过的一位王子的壮举,他在至尊至贵之时,高兴地发现他的生身之父乃是一个牧羊人,而且他没有因此而脸红。
孟德斯鸠家族正是属于这些“殷实家族”中的一个家族,因而他千方百计地要把父亲上几代先人的生平恢复原样。他们或担任军职、法官,或充当僧侣,这三种“职业”都是一个贵族可以从事而无丧失身份之虞的职业。如同常见的那样,孟德斯鸠的家族也是源远流长的,尽管他本人似乎并不了解他先祖的根源。他是阿基坦这块土地的儿子,这片从阿让到波尔多的土地目睹了一个占有土地的家族一步步获得要职,并在经由数代人积攒了一笔地产,其中包括拉布莱德庄园。这个庄园虽然很晚才归这个家族所有,却在17世纪末成了把色贡达·德·孟德斯鸠的父系亲属和母系亲属的命运连接在一起的宝地和象征。
《我的生平》这份未写完的简明扼要的文书,全部谈的是孟德斯鸠的父系祖先,也就是说是色贡达家的人,他的母系家族虽然同样显赫,在文中却只字未提。色贡达家族原籍贝里,是古朗家中的末房,传自勃鲁瓦伯爵和尚帕涅伯爵。15世纪初,色贡达家族移居佩里戈地区。色贡达第一代名叫皮埃尔,是拉韦涅和布莱纳克庄园的主人,1451年9月11日,他向查理七世国王宣誓效忠。他的儿子让和孙子雅克在阿让附近的富莱隆纳建造了一所古堡,色贡达家族从此在阿让这个地方扎下了根。他们很快就成了大地主,把自己的命运与纳瓦尔国王的事业连在一起,选择了国王信奉的新教。
色贡达第二代名叫让(1515—1594),是他成就了家业。他继承了其父财政总监的官职,后来又得宠于纳瓦尔女王冉娜·德·阿尔布莱,成了她的心腹,当上了宫廷总管和奈拉克地方的总督。1564年女王外出时,令他代理纳瓦尔王国的朝政。女王于1561年10月2日把盂德斯鸠地方赐给让·德·色贡达,以奖赏他的效劳。从此之后,这个家族的姓氏便与这块土地紧紧连在一起,并为这块不起眼的领地带来了意想不到的殊荣。这块领地原是以前的子爵布侣鲁瓦的领地,位于阿尔布莱封地的中心,东距阿让16公里,北距加龙河3公里。女王曾说:“这是为了褒奖她的宫廷总管让·德·色贡达。长期以来,这位宫廷总管为她的父王和她本人提供了极其重要和值得称道的效劳,不仅在宫廷总管的任上,而且在她过去和现在不断交付给他的重要使命中,都是如此。”孟德斯鸠这个字来自拉丁语和法兰克语,原意是一座贫瘠的荒山。站在如今的孟德斯鸠村,还能望见一座荒凉的小山顶上一座古堡的残迹。
第二代让·德·色贡达与约瑟夫·斯卡里热的姑母艾莱奥诺尔·德·布莱尼欧结婚之后,生有好几个孩子。四个儿子为亨利四世捐躯沙场:名叫让的老大1590年在伊弗里战役中阵亡,雅克于1595年死于南特之围,让一亨利是纳瓦尔国王亨利四世的教子,1604年在米德尔堡之战中丧生,保尔则死于奥斯坦德围城之役。第二代让·德·色贡达为他对纳瓦尔国王——他后来成了法国国王——的忠诚付出了沉重的代价,当他去世时,膝下的儿子仅剩两个。
16世纪下半叶,在血染法国西南部的宗教和政治争斗中,色贡达一家忠于纳瓦尔国王为它生活和作战,以兵役为它尽义务因而获得褒奖,节节上升,从阿让迁到了波尔多。色贡达一家与以支持宗教改革而闻名的斯卡里热成了姻亲之后,常去奈拉克。1579年至1582年之间,纳瓦尔的玛格丽特在奈拉克组织了一个名闻遐迩的宫中文学沙龙,她在《回忆录》中写道:我们的文学沙龙真不错,非常吸引人,除了国王的妹妹纳瓦尔公主外,还有许多夫人和小姐,比起法兰西的宫中文学沙龙毫不逊色。国王——我的丈夫——来时总有一大群达官贵人相伴,这些人如同我在法兰西的宫中文学沙龙中遇到的雅士们一样风度翩翩,除了他们都是新教徒这一点之外,毫无令人遗憾之处。不过,谁也不曾议论宗教信仰的不同。
……

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