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哲学家们都干了些什么?

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“哲学史写得这么浅白风趣八卦,你让我们哲学系的人还怎么混?!”

用穷凶极恶的吐槽和喜闻乐见的八卦,彻底瓦解你对哲学史的成见

翻开任何一页,都是欲罢不能的哲♂学♂故事

来吧,哲学家们!自己说说看,你们究竟都干了些什么?

Content Description

宇宙的外面是什么?

世界会不会是假的?

我是不是活在虚拟世界/别人梦中?

上帝到底存在还是不存在?

这个世界有没有最终真理?

……

你知道吗,你想过或者没想过的这些奇形怪状的问题,早在几千年前就被哲学家们一本正经地提出,挖空心思地找证据,面红耳赤地争论过了。在整个世界忙着探索、开垦、打仗、上天、发展的漫长历史中,这帮哲学家们却神经质地死磕这个世界的真相和人生的意义,就好像一个网络游戏里的角色试图琢磨自己手里武器的代码是什么……

翻开本书,从神烦的苏格拉底开始,彻底了解人类史上的哲学家们,以及他们穷尽毕生的经历和苦思后提交的最终答卷。

Author Description

林欣浩,男,自由撰稿人。著有《哲学家们都干了些什么?》《佛祖都说了些什么?》。

Catalogue

前 言

上 篇:理性的崛起

第一章 哲学好讨厌

第二章 少年国王

第三章 使徒行传

第四章 上帝之城

第五章 异教徒

第六章 神们自己

第七章 群魔

第八章 异端的权利

第九章 奇怪的论调

第十章 童年的终结

第十一章 理性主义

第十二章 形而上学

第十三章 二元论

第十四章 唯我论

第十五章 寒冬夜行人

第十六章 双星

第十七章 名利场

第十八章 巨匠与杰作

第十九章 机械论

第二十章 决定论

第二十一章 暴风雨

第二十二章 哲学怪兽

第二十三章 谎言的衰落

第二十四章 远离尘嚣

第二十五章 王者之风

下篇:理性的陨落

第一章 傲慢与偏见

第二章 悲观主义

第三章 理性的危机

第四章 瞧!这个人

第五章 钢铁之躯

第六章 被侮辱的与被损害的

第七章 科学新发现:理性的反击

第八章 人猿星球

第九章 科学倒打一耙

第十章 寻欢作乐

第十一章 快乐王子

第十二章 逻辑实证主义

第十三章 实用主义

第十四章 终结形而上学

第十五章 实用主义的科学

第十六章 科学是什么

第十七章 永恒的终结

第十八章 存在与虚无

第十九章 西西弗的神话

第二十章 人生的意义

Book Abstract

年轻的阿拉伯帝国敞开大门吸收一切知识来壮大自己。而对面的基督教世界却已经积累了数百年的自大和傲慢。它正在开动宗教裁判所加紧屠戮异端分子,又把一批接一批的十字军派到前线对付穆斯林,试图用军事手段证明基督教教义的正确性。 但他们没成功。 九次十字军东征只有第一次算是攻其不备,取得了胜利,后面的八次全部失败。还有一次最奇特,十字军根本没有去打阿拉伯人,而是把东罗马帝国给抢了。要知道,十字军东征名义上的原因,是东罗马帝国扛不住阿拉伯人了,向西边的基督教兄弟求援。谁想基督教兄弟比异教徒还凶狠,东罗马帝国这个惨啊。 趁着中亚大打宗教战争的当儿,希腊哲学抓了个空,跑到西班牙去了。 这就奇怪了,先前希腊哲学一直都在欧洲的东面折腾呢,怎么这一跑,直接跳到欧洲的最西面去了? 这是因为,虽然阿拉伯帝国没能突破东罗马帝国的防御,但是却占领了北非。也就是说,阿拉伯帝国从地中海南部,借着北非一路绕到了欧洲的西边,占领了欧洲西端的西班牙。在地图上,就好像占领了欧洲的两头一样。……
Introduction

“中华民族是世界上最智慧的民族”这句话,我们没听过一千遍,也有一百遍了。

但是在生活中,我们会遇到这样的情况:

当小孩子难以抑制内心的迷茫和惶恐,急匆匆问爸爸妈妈“人为什么活着”的时候,他得到的回答常常是:“别胡思乱想。”

当大学生在宿舍里如饥似渴地阅读康德、黑格尔,想从中寻觅一丝真理的时候,他或许会被打球回来的同学们迎面嘲笑:“又装×呢?”

当酒桌上的朋友们都在谈汽车房子情人孩子今年我去了巴厘岛的时候,某人却兴致勃勃地大谈他最近读叔本华的心得,他换来的,多半是满桌审视异类的目光。

咦,我们不是号称“世界上最智慧的民族”吗?为什么到处都回荡着对思考者的排斥和嘲笑呢?

当我们不断追问“人为什么活着?人生的意义是什么?宇宙的本质是什么?”的时候,绝大多数人不会觉得我们是爱思考的聪明人,只会觉得“你这个人好怪”。

可是对不起,这个世界上的怪人还不止我一个。历史上,有很多聪明人也思考着上述“怪问题”,而且想得要比我们深刻得多。

他们就是哲学家。

学哲学有什么好处呢?

有时我们会问:“人为什么活着?人生的意义是什么?人终有一死,我该做点什么才对得起这唯一的一生,才算没有白活过?”

这些问题很重要,是决定人的一生该怎么活的大问题。我可不可以不听从长辈和课本的灌输,自己来寻找问题的答案呢?

可以,哲学就是来干这件事的。

我们这本书,就要把“追问人生意义”当作最大的目标。

不过您别着急,我们一开始先不讨论这个问题。研究哲学必须要先学习整个哲学史。在本书的前半段,我先讲讲轻松的历史故事,等您精神放松了,我们再开始讨论有意思的哲学问题。

形而上学

我们现在所说的“形而上学”,可以简单地理解成是用理性思维去研究那些能统一世间一切问题的“大道理”。就像笛卡尔希望的那样,要寻找到一个能高于客观世界、统领一切事物的真理。比如世界的本质是什么样子的啊、人生的意义是什么啊之类的问题。

有一些相信中医、相信阴阳五行的朋友在批判西方科学的时候说:“西方科学都是在支离破碎地理解世界,我们中国的阴阳五行不同,是从整体的角度理解整个宇宙,你们西方人不懂的!”

其实呢,西方人也从整体角度研究宇宙,这门学问就是形而上学。

还可以这么理解形而上学。

很多小孩喜欢不停地问家长“为什么”,让家长不胜其烦。其实,这个“为什么”的游戏玩到最后,追问的往往就是形而上学的问题。

举个例子。

小孩问爸爸:“我为什么要上幼儿园啊?”

爸爸回答:“因为爸爸妈妈要上班,不能照顾你呀。”

“那爸爸妈妈为什么要上班啊?”

“因为爸爸妈妈要挣钱啊。”

“那爸爸妈妈为什么要挣钱啊?”

“挣钱了才能买吃的啊。”

“那为什么要买吃的啊?”

“有了吃的,人才能活啊。”

“人为什么要活着啊?”

一般问到这种地步,家长就准备打人了,对吧?

可是,家长要打人并不是因为孩子无理取闹——求知怎么能算是无理取闹呢?而是因为家长没有能力回答这个问题,他们恼羞成怒了。因为孩子最后问的“人为什么活着”的问题,正是形而上学最重要的问题之一。加缪说过:“真正严肃的哲学问题只有一个,那就是自杀。”研究“人为什么不自杀”,其实就是在研究“人为什么活着”。你看这孩子一下子就提出了一个最根本的哲学问题,一般的家长怎么可能回答得上来呢?

再举一个例子。

刚才说的“为什么要上幼儿园”是一个社会科学问题,类似地,不断追问自然科学的问题,最终也会通向形而上学。

比如小孩问“太阳为什么会每天升起落下”,家长可以用牛顿力学来解释。但如果小孩进一步问:“为什么太阳要遵守牛顿力学?”这时候家长就又要打人了:“太阳不遵守牛顿力学还能遵守什么啊?这是什么破问题啊?”

实际上,小孩这里问的又是一个形而上学问题:为什么物理学规律是普世的?我们为什么相信在地球上检验有效的力学原理,宇宙万物都会遵守?甚至于为什么我们相信,那些我们没有观测到的宇宙天体,也会遵守同样的物理规律?我们哪里来的这自信?

这个问题再继续追问下去,就是在追问这个世界的本质:世界的本质是物质的还是精神的?世界的本质是物理定律还是我们对物理定律的信念?

回答这些问题都是形而上学的任务。

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Brand Jingdong book
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