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Jingdong book

囚徒的困境

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Books Philosophy / Religion Logic

Jingdong book

囚徒的困境

Name: 囚徒的困境
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3123000591
Price: 31.79 USD
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你可能不会想到“博弈论之父”冯·诺依曼的牌技一般，这个聪明的科学家有时竟会搞出一些出格的恶作剧，科学成就非凡而感情生活却一团糟，为人仗义、富有同情心却竭力主张核试验，他的天赋与谬误、悲伤与幸福让这个人变得生动、真实，而我们也在大量的第一手资料中真正走近了“神一般”的冯·诺依曼。

你可能不会想到乍看起来抽象难懂的博弈论其实散布于我们生活的角落，无须数学公式和陌生的概念，我们在分蛋糕、做游戏、围捕牡鹿、讨论行为是否理性的时候都能让博弈论派上用场。它不是数学家们的数字游戏，而是我们每日都在使用的思维工具。

你可能不知道原子弹的研发和战争的爆发背后有一群“科学大脑”在高速运转，而战争又带来了对生命的拷问与折磨。人类历史长河中不止是光明，纷争与黑暗时时会降临，在这场广阔的博弈中，我们重新思考人类将往何处去。

Content Description

计算机和博弈论自半个世纪前进入人类历史以来，深刻地改变了我们的生活、工作乃至思维方式，而发明它们的冯·诺依曼瑰丽而传奇的一生亦值得我们细细品味。威廉·庞德斯通以“囚徒的困境”作为探寻这位美籍数学家的生平和20世纪广阔历史的透镜，让读者看到了一位有血有肉、活灵活现的科学家，看到了抽象难懂的数学概念如何变成生活中的思维工具，看到了“二战”之后国际政治舞台上的矛盾和冲突……

如果你对冯?诺依曼这样的“天才之脑”有着刻板的印象，那么读罢本书你会发现科学家的个性其实生动可爱；如果你以前没接触过博弈论，那么从这本书开始你会发现它的魅力；如果你对原子弹的了解只停留在“二战”与广岛之劫，那么在这里你将看到科技武器背后的权谋与大国纷争。科技、历史的波诡云谲与人类社会进步密不可分，在21世纪开始之后，也许回望过去，我们能更清晰地了解自己、珍惜和平。

Author Description

威廉·庞德斯通，美国畅销书作家，怀疑论者。《哈佛商业评论》《纽约时报》《哈珀斯》等知名媒体撰稿人，迄今已出版作品十余部，包括《囚徒的困境》《无价》《谁是谷歌想要的人才？》等，并两次获得普利策奖提名。

此外，他还是“今日秀”、“大卫·莱特曼深夜秀”、“CBS早间新闻”等著名电视及电台节目的常客，也是美国广播公司两档黄金节目的联合制片人。

Catalogue

1 二难推论

核武器的困境 // 006

约翰·冯·诺依曼 // 008

囚徒的困境 // 012

2 约翰·冯·诺依曼

神童 // 019

库恩统治时期的匈牙利 // 021

早期经历 // 023

普林斯顿高等研究所 // 025

克拉拉 // 027

个性 // 030

狂飙突进运动时期 // 038

世界上最聪明的大脑 // 043

3 博弈论

战争游戏 // 051

谁第一个发明了博弈论？ // 055

博弈论和经济行为 // 057

分蛋糕 // 058

理性的游戏者 // 059

博弈树 // 060

博弈表 // 064

零和博弈 // 067

极小极大原理和蛋糕 // 069

混合策略 // 072

曲线球和致死基因 // 076

极小极大定理 // 079

n人博弈 // 080

4 原子弹

冯·诺依曼在洛斯阿拉莫斯 // 086

战时的博弈论 // 088

伯特兰·罗素 // 090

世界政府 // 092

比基尼岛的核试验 // 094

计算机 // 097

先发制人的战争 // 100

5 兰德公司

历史 // 109

敢于想入非非 // 115

语义学和芬兰语的语韵学 // 118

冯·诺依曼在兰德 // 121

约翰·纳什 // 122

马后炮 // 124

6 囚徒的困境

别克轿车的买卖 // 129

窃贼的信用 // 131

佛勒德–德莱歇实验 // 134

塔克的逸事 // 142

常识 // 148

文献中的“囚徒的困境” // 150

逃票的乘客 // 153

核竞赛 // 156

7 1950年

苏联的原子弹 // 163

“对战争不感兴趣”的人 // 166

尤里的演讲 // 167

福克斯事件 // 169

技术性突然袭击的性质 // 173

“为和平而侵略” // 176

弗朗西斯·马修斯其人 // 178

后果 // 181

公众的反应 // 184

难道这是一个试探气球？ // 188

麦克阿瑟的演讲 // 189

奥维尔·安德森 // 189

舆论界的反应 // 192

有多少颗原子弹？ // 194

尾声 // 198

8 博弈论及其不足

对博弈论的批评 // 205

效用和马基雅维利 // 208

人是理性的吗？ // 210

俄亥俄州的研究 // 212

9 冯·诺依曼的最后岁月

氢弹 // 221

一头猛虎 // 223

原子能委员会委员 // 225

带来希望的时刻 // 229

疾病缠身 // 232

巨星陨落 // 238

10 “胆小鬼”和古巴导弹危机

“胆小鬼” // 245

志愿者的困境 // 250

志愿者困境实验 // 253

古巴导弹危机 // 254

疯子理论 // 263

11 其他社会难题

僵局 // 270

围捕牡鹿 // 271

不对称博弈 // 274

合作是正当的理由 // 276

霍华德的元博弈 // 280

逆向归纳悖论 // 282

12 最适者生存

稳定策略 // 290

基因中有背叛吗？ // 292

罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德 // 295

一报还一报 // 299

一报还一报的麻烦 // 303

人工选择 // 307

镜中鱼 // 309

合作和文明 // 312

现实世界中的一报还一报 // 314

13 美元拍卖

逐步升级 // 320

苏比克的美元拍卖 // 323

现实生活中的美元拍卖 // 325

策略 // 330

理性的出价 // 332

在什么情况下博弈论不灵？ // 334

最大数博弈 // 337

真空中的羽毛 // 342

致谢 // 345

参考文献 // 347

译者后记 // 353

Book Abstract

这是一个著名的二难推论命题：有个人同他的妻子和母亲一起过河，中途在对岸突然出现一只长颈鹿，他立刻举枪向它瞄准。长颈鹿说：“如果你开枪，你母亲就没命：如果你不开枪，你妻子就完蛋。”这个人该怎么办呢？

这则经典的二难推论故事源于达荷美的波波族。类似的稀奇古怪的故事、叫人难以做出决断的问题，在非洲民间传说中非常流行，其中许多故事还被西方的作家和哲学家借用过。在波波族的民间传说中，长颈鹿是会说人话的，而且说一不二、说到做到。用较为西方的方式和更加专业的术语，你可以像下面那样重述这则二难推论：你、你的配偶和你的母亲被几个发疯的科学家绑架，关在一个房间里，捆在椅子上动弹不得。房子里有一架古怪的机器，你正好可以触及其中一个按钮。一挺机关枪正对着你的配偶和母亲。墙上挂着一只钟，滴滴答答地走着，在阴森森的空气中发出令人恐怖的声音。一个科学家宣布，如果你按动面前的按钮，那么机关枪将瞄准你的母亲并把她击毙；如果你在60 分钟内不去按按钮，那么机关枪将瞄准你的配偶开火。你仔细观察过这部残酷的机器，并且相信它会完成规定的程序。你该怎么办呢？

类似这样的二难推论有时会在大学的伦理学课程中进行讨论，当然也不会有令人满意的答案。如果你坚持认为在这种情况下你只能什么也不做（不去按那个按钮，从而让机枪击毙你的配偶），理由是因为你什么也没有做，因此就没人能怪罪你。这显然是逃避责任的一种选择。你唯一可以选择的是确定你更爱你的配偶，还是更爱你的母亲，从而确定要保住哪一个人的性命。

在有些二难推论中，要让另外某个人同时也进行选择，这便使决策更加困难。在这种情况下，结果将取决于所有人做出的所有选择。在格雷戈里· 斯托克（Gregory Stock）的《问题书》（The Book of Questions， 1987）中，有一则类似的但更具有挑战性的二难推论：“你和你深爱着的人分别被关在两个房间中，两人身边各有一个按钮，并且你们都知道，除非两人中有一人在规定的60 分钟内按下按钮，否则两个人都要被处死；而先按按钮的人可以保住对方的性命，但自己将立刻被处死。你该怎么办呢？”

这里，有两个人要估量他们所处的困境，并独立地做出选择。不管哪个人去按动按钮都是生命攸关的。最棘手的问题在于：你应当在什么时候做出牺牲？这个二难推论强迫你在为自己还是为心爱的人提供一艘救生艇这个难题上做出抉择。

许多二难推论涉及某个人可能选择以牺牲自己为代价去保护另一个人，例如，父母可能为保护孩子而慷慨赴死，因为孩子显然有更长的生命之路。但不管应用什么准则（我们当然没有理由相信当事双方会应用同一个准则），有关救生艇的抉择都存在以下三种可能结局。

……

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