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Jingdong book

思想录:人是一根会思考的芦苇

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★四百年来畅销全球,《人是一根会思考的芦苇》被译成几乎所有文字,影响每一代学人的知识巨著,我们全部的尊严就在于思想。

★帕斯卡,法国具有天才的哲学家、物理学家、数学家,思想大师。他的《人是一根会思考的芦苇

》一向被视为世界三大经典哲理散文之一。

★帕斯卡对人性、人生、社会、哲学以及宗教信仰进行了深入的探讨,在西方思想史上产生极其重要的影响。

★帕斯卡文笔清丽、雅洁,作者继承了人文主义和理性主义的传统,本书处处闪现思想的火花,更有许多提问和警句发人深省。

★人是自然界中很脆弱的东西,所以他是一根芦苇,但他因为会思考,可以囊括宇宙,可以通向无穷,这就是人在宇宙中的全部尊严。在这本书里可以发现,人生一切悖论的答案。

★帕斯卡的思想启示录:爱上一个人,往往是因为他让我们有感觉,他展示的不是他珍贵的部分,而是我们自己的。因此这使他在我们眼里变得可爱,如果理智上还有交集,我们必然会心生爱慕。

★如果你有什么事情想不明白,不如翻开它。这本书的内容通俗易懂,每一句话都可能改变你的生活。


Content Description

本书是法国哲学家帕斯卡的经典著作。全书分为七个章节,《人是一根会思考的芦苇》从扣问自己的内心和人心,阐述人的本质开始,接下来的三章说到信仰的重要性,从而根据统计学来推导出信仰宗教与不信仰宗教的结论。洞悉宇宙的真相,窥见人类的奥秘。接着强调人的思考和社会意识对人的影响。这里强调了人独立思考的重要性,在他看来,人就像芦苇一样脆弱,但因有思想而伟大。

Author Description

帕斯卡,公元1623年6月19日出生于多姆山省奥弗涅地区的克莱蒙费朗,早逝于巴黎。法国十七世纪著名的思想家、卓著的数理科学家之一,他对近代初期的理论科学和实验科学都做出了巨大的贡献。主要著作有《思想录:人是一根会思考的芦苇》和《致外省人信札》。

Comments

★ 在这些不朽的争论者之中,只有帕斯卡尔留存到现在,因为只有他是一个天才,只有他还屹立在世界的废墟之上。

——伏尔泰

★ 如果整个法国文学只能让我选择一部书留下,我还是会毫不犹豫地选择留下《思想录》,它是一个崇高的纯粹法国天才的标本。

——维克多·吉罗

★ 帕斯卡尔是一位注定要被人们一代一代研究的作家,改变的并不是他自己,而是我们。并不是我们的知识增加了,而是我们对世界和对他的态度变化了。

——T·S·艾略特


Catalogue

[人是一根会思考的芦苇]

思索精神和文风

人没有上帝是可悲的

为什么要打赌

信仰的方式

正义和作用的缘由

哲学家

道德与教理

基督教的根基

永恒

象征

预言

耶稣基督的验证

奇迹

附录:论断片段


Book Abstract

[人是一根会思考的芦苇]

正义和作用的缘由

关于不正义的论述将采用书信体形式,中间会有一出滑稽剧,主题是:你的先辈已经拥有一切。“朋友,既然你的先辈拥有这一切都是理所应当,那么你在山的这头出生就足以解释一切。”

“你为何要置我于死地?”

有个人生活在河水的对岸。

“为何要置我于死地?”“想知道原因?就因为你住在对岸。朋友,要是你跟我住在同一边,那么杀了你就等于犯罪,我就不应该以这种方式杀掉你;可是既然你住在我的对岸,我就可以用这样的方式对待你,并且杀了你还被当作是一种勇者的行为。”

这个世界到底是以什么样的原则为标准在运作着呢?如果那只是一个人的心血来潮,这个世界该有多混乱。可如果是根据正义的话,为什么人类总是不顾正义呢?

诚然,如果人类知道什么是正义的,那么他们就不会用一个国家、一个民族作为最基本的概念去约束他治下的民众;如果他们真的是正义的,那么所有人都会被这种正义所折服,这种真正的正义是永恒的,并不是统治者想要用波斯或者日耳曼人的假想和闹剧就可以取代的。真正的正义是普适性的并且是永恒的,不会随着时代和环境变迁。如果只是地理位置的变化就可以颠覆法律,子午线两边遵守不同的准则,一个国家的根本大法随时可以改变,权力的更迭也可以跟着时代的步伐,行星的运动轨迹可以作为一种罪恶的象征。以界河来区分正义是多么荒唐的事情。难道就因为我们生活在比利牛斯山的两侧,就注定了一方是正义而另一方邪恶吗?(比利牛斯山是法国和西班牙两国的边界,这里指的是1639年开始的法国和西班牙的战争。)

我们都知道正义是这个世界的潜在规律,而不是一个国家或一个种族的风俗习惯。如果有统治者在制定法律的时候,刚好有一条具有普适性,那么这套律法就能够永远地存在下去了。但是人心是那么的善变和鲁莽,所以统治者的法律没有一条能够永远存留下来。

道德约束人类的行为,所以偷窃、乱伦、杀害父亲或孩子这些行为都可以用道德去评判。可是仅仅因为两位君主发动战争,住在两国境内的民众就可以互相残杀而不用被道德谴责,难道还有比这件事情更滑稽可笑的吗?

我们当然知道这个世界是有自己的准则,然而当人类堕落的时候,这一切的准则也就随之消亡了;Nihil amplius nostrum est;quod nostrum dicimus,artis est. Ex senatus consultis et plebiscites crimina exercentur. Ut olim vitiis,sic nunc legibus laboramus. (意思是“没有什么是我们的,那些我们以为的都是人为的。人们因为元老院和人民而犯罪。过去的人苦于罪孽,现在的人苦于律法”。)

这种混乱让大家都搞不清楚正义到底是什么,有人说是维护法律的权威,有人说只是为了统治者的便利,有人说是一种约定俗成……当然按照最高的那位神圣智者的话来说,这世间本没有什么正义,因为时间可以改变一切。习俗能够统治一方的原因在于,已经被那一处的人们完全接受,大家都深以为然罢了。如果你用根本的原则去衡量习惯,它便不攻自破了。法律仅仅是法律而已,它凭借自己的一套规则成型,想要服从法律的人并非是因为正义,而是在服从自己心中的一个幻象,他们并不在意法律的本质,如果你想去纠正这一点,那么你也会犯错。如果你想对法律追根究底,那么你会发现它不堪一击,如果你对人类的脑洞没有一个基本的概念和认识的话,你也会觉得百年的时间可以让大家对法律恭敬至极,也是神奇。想要颠覆一个国家的统治,最好的办法就是研究这个国家的风俗,找到其中不合理的部分。最终,我们也许就能够找到一条普适性的原则,可以永恒地统治这个社会了。如果你想在这个问题上打赌,那只能输个倾家荡产了,因为这里没有什么正义可言。民众会轻易地被蒙骗,一旦他们觉得自己被压迫了,就会立即反抗,那些因为好奇而去攻讦习俗的人和反抗的民众流血牺牲,最终的获利者仍然是站在高处俯瞰众生的人。所以一位聪明的统治者喜欢摆弄愚民政策,还说这是为了他们好,还有优秀的政治学家说:Cum veritatem qua liberetur ignoret,expedit quod fallatur。(意思是“我们要让那些不能够意识到自由的人继续被蒙蔽下去”。)想要长治久安,就不能让民众意识到政权是如何建立的,因为他们会发现反抗的合理性,会发现正义不过是当权者的意志;我们要欺骗民众,让他们相信这个政权是正义的、权威的,并且能够永远地存在下去。

……

Introduction

[人是一根会思考的芦苇]

本书的文字按照布伦士维格编次排列,正中的字段码就是布序序码。

不可能做到毫无遗漏。然而即使只漏掉了其中的一条,就可能差之千里,做出错误的推理;因此,我们需要有异常敏锐的洞察力去发现所有的原则,同时又需要保有正确的精神,才能避免将已知的原则导向错误的推论。

因此,拥有良好洞察力的几何学家都具有敏感的精神,他们不会把自己已知的那些原则引向谬误的推理;如果具有敏感精神的人可以将这种敏锐的洞察力运用到他们并不太熟悉的几何学原理中,那么这些人将很可能成为几何学家。

所以说,具有敏感精神的人无法成为几何学家,是因为他们不能将之运用在几何学的原理之中;而某些几何学家缺乏敏感的精神,是因为他们对自己面前的事物视而不见,习惯于显而易见的几何学原则,并且在充分地了解并掌握了这些原则的基础上进行推论,这大大区别于敏感性精神的掌握方法,所以他们在面对敏感性的事物时就会显得茫然若失。因为这类原则并非是显而易见的,我们只能切实感受到而不能真正地看到;对于那些不曾亲身感受过这些原则的人,我们想让他们感受到就更是难上加难了。这样的事物是如此的细微而又繁杂,我们必须以一种极其敏锐而又明晰的感觉才能感受到它们,并且在这些感受的基础上做出正确公允的判断;然而我们通常无法运用几何学中的秩序去证明这些感受,那是因为这些原则的获取方式与几何学原则不同,如果我们一定要尝试这种方法,那么就是在做一件永远不会得出结果的事。从某种意义上来说,我们必须仅靠一眼就知晓事物的全部而不是靠推理过程去解答。正因如此,很少有几何学家具备敏感的精神,具备敏感精神的人也很难成为几何学家;这是因为几何学家总是想用几何学的方式对待敏感性的事物,他们想从定义出发,继而用定理去证明,但是这类证明的推理方法根本不是这样,这就让他们的行为显得荒唐可笑了。这并不是说我们的精神没有在进行推论,而是它在以一种悄无声息的、顺其自然的、毫不造作的方式进行着推论;因为精神的推论是人力无法掌控的,这也注定了只有极少数的人才能切实地感受到它。

当然,凡事皆有两面性,这些人既然可以依靠感觉对事物的整体做出判断,那么几何学家的推理方式:即从提出一个艰涩难解的命题开始,而提出命题后的证明过程则需要更多的定义和原理,这些原理和定义对他们而言是如此枯燥并且需要大量的时间去观察,这种与他们的习惯截然相反的方式会让他们感到惊慌失措,最后导致的结果就是因丧失信心而止步不前了。

然而一旦你被谬误的精神所影响,那么你将会永远地错过敏感性精神,也不可能成为一名几何学家了。

因此,如果一个人仅仅是一名几何学家,虽然他拥有了正确的精神,但是对事物的认知却需要通过简单明确的定义和原理,进行推理和解释才能完成;如果不这样做的话,那么对于只能依靠简单清楚的原理才能证明自身正确性的他们,所产生的谬误将会是让人无法容忍的。

而那些人如果只是拥有了敏感性精神,那么他们无法通过思考和推理慢慢地深入到事物的根本原理之中,这些原理对于他们来说是闻所未闻的,并且也是完全脱离实际而毫无用处的。

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