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Jingdong book

菊与刀

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Jingdong book

菊与刀

Name: 菊与刀
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3125000141
Price: 31.32 USD
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2016美国威斯康星大学文化人类学博士倾情翻译

影响全球70年的现代日本学鼻祖
二战后美日国际关系史的关键文献

1944年，二战快要结束，日本败局已定。为了制定战后美国对日本的大政方针，华盛顿委托本尼迪克特对日本进行研究。这本研究报告经过增添以后，于1946年公开出版，引起日本各界强烈震动和关注。
1951年《菊与刀》被列入日本《现代教养文库》，至1963年已重印36次。
1982年出版的一本介绍"日本学"名著的书中称赞《菊与刀》是现代日本学的鼻祖，是文化人类学者研究日本的经典性著作。
1995年，《菊与刀》在日本加印101次。
1999年，日本一国销量已超过230万册。
至今，《菊与刀》已被翻译成30种语言，销售逾3000万册。

Content Description

二战临近尾声的时候，摆在美国眼前的有两个问题：日本会不会投降？对日本能不能用对德国的办法？

为了制定最后决策，美国政府动员了各方面的专家来研究日本，提供资料和意见，其中包括了本书作者、人类学家本尼迪克特。

美国人或者更多西方人眼里不可理喻的一些行为，恰是本尼迪克特用来解析日本文化本质的范本。书名中的“菊”是日本皇室家徽，“刀”是武士文化的象征。“菊与刀”的组合，象征了日本人的矛盾性格（如爱美而又黩武，尚礼而又好斗，喜新而又顽固，服从而又不驯等等）。

本尼迪克特在二战结束后写成《菊与刀》。《菊与刀》共13章：从对战争的看法讲起，讲到明治维新，再分述日本人风俗习惯、道德观念、一直到怎样“自我训练”（修养）和孩子怎样受教育。全书夹叙夹议，抛开了对樱花、茶道、武士道等煽情描述，更多是对家庭关系、精神信仰进行白描式的对比，诸如美国人和日本人看待健康、物质、战争宣传、家族关系等的不同观念。

《菊与刀》直接影响了美国对日政策，美国战后对日政策的成功也证明了《菊与刀》对日本人所做研究的成功。从此，西方对日本文化的研究热潮也揭开了序幕。

Author Description

鲁思·本尼迪克特
Ruth Benedict
1887.6.5－1948.9.17
出生于美国纽约

著名文化人类学家
哥伦比亚大学教授
曾任美国人类学学会主席

代表作《菊与刀》被誉为“现代日本学的鼻祖”，曾被三岛由纪夫盛赞为“着力阐述日本传统文化之二元性，在对日本文化深感好奇的西方人中影响力颇为深厚”。

译者
何晴
80后，出生于苏州
美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校文化人类学博士在读

已出版作品：
《1294》
《为她准备的好躯壳》
《我走得很慢，但我从未停下来》

Catalogue

目录
Chapter 01 任务：研究日本
Chapter 02 战争中的日本人
Chapter 03 各就其位
Chapter 04 明治维新
Chapter 05 历史和世界的亏欠者
Chapter 06 回报万分之一
Chapter 07 “最难承受”的报答
Chapter 08 洗刷污名
Chapter 09 人情的范畴
Chapter 10 美德的困境
Chapter 11 自我约束
Chapter 12 儿童学习
Chapter 13 投降后的日本人

译后记

Book Abstract

“菊”本是日本皇室家徽，“刀”是武士道文化的象征。

“恩”的首要意义在于制造亏欠感。

等级制是最不适合出口的商品。

自尊自重的人生活准绳不是“扬善避恶”，而是做一个“符合期望”的人，为世人的“期待”放弃个人需求，避免“令世人惊诧”。做到了这一点，他们才是“知羞耻”、且无比谨慎的善良之人，会为家庭、家乡和国家带来荣耀。由于背负的期待，日本人变得非常容易紧张。一方面这种紧张令日本实现了成为东方领袖和世界强国的远大志向，另一方面也为个人带来了巨大压力。日本人高度谨慎，既担心失败，也担心自己作出了巨大牺牲依然被人小瞧。他们时而会被激怒，富有攻击性，但并非像美国人那样是因为原则或自由受到了挑战，而是因为受到了侮辱或诋毁。届时，他们那个危险的自我爆发了，如果条件允许会向侮辱者复仇，否则就只能冲着自己发泄。

美国人已经习惯了生活在一个挑战不断的世界里--并且已经准备好了去迎接挑战。但让日本人感到放心的生活方式，则是万事已提前规划好。对他们来说，最大的威胁莫过于不可预知的意外。

日本人所宣传的“各就其位”理念，其实是一种深植于他们社会经验的人生准则。几个世纪以来，不平等就是他们最熟悉也最习惯的生活方式。遵循等级制度的行为对他们来说就像呼吸一样自然。但这不同于简单的西方国家式的专制主义。

为了避免被世人排斥和非议，他们必须放弃刚刚懂得享受的个人乐趣，并为了人生正事压抑这些情感冲动。少数人未遵守这种模式，他们因此冒着失去自尊的危险。自尊自重的人生活准绳不是“扬善避恶”，而是做一个“符合期望”的人，为世人的“期待”放弃个人需求，避免“令世人惊诧”。做到了这一点，他们才是“知羞耻”且无比谨慎的善良之人，会为家庭、家乡和国家带来荣耀。

在所有的佛教教派中，僧侣普遍会结婚并赡养家庭。日本人觉得很难接受灵与肉不相容的理论。“顿悟者”的圣性主要体现在他们自律的冥想修行以及质朴的生活方式。超凡入圣不代表他们就要穿得破破烂烂，对美景视而不见，对乐曲充耳不闻。日本的圣人可能每天做的事就是吟诗、茗茶、赏月、观花。禅宗派甚至提醒信徒们避免“三不足--衣不足、食不足和睡不足”。

在世界上的许多地方，潜入冰冷刺骨的水中或者站在山泉瀑布下，都是标准的苦行术。有些是为了锻炼身体，有些是为了获得神灵的怜悯，有些是为了进入入定的状态。日本人最喜欢的冷水苦行是在黎明之前站或坐在冰冷的瀑布中，或者在冬夜往自己身上泼冰水三次。这么做的目的是锻炼自我，直到其能保持意识清醒而不感觉痛苦。一个信徒这么做的目的是训练自己不受干扰而持续冥想。当他不再感觉到水的刺骨，以及身体在寒冷黎明的颤抖时，他就达到了“娴熟”。此外，不求任何其他的回报。

Introduction

序言

在和美国全面交战过的所有敌人当中，日本人最令人费解。这个强大对手的行为模式和思维习惯都与众不同，以至于我们在作战时不得不多加小心，我们目前的处境就像1905年的沙俄，面对的对手全副武装、训练有素，完全游离于西方文化传统之外。有些战争中的套路在西方如同人性一样自然而然，却并不适用于对付日本人。这一点使得这场太平洋战争的困难之处不仅在于多个海岛登陆，也不仅在于棘手的后勤保障，更关键的是了解敌人的天性。只有知己知彼，方能保证胜利。
了解日本的难度非常大。在日本锁国政策废除后的七十五年中，比起其他民族，日本人更经常被人们用“但是，又……”这样令人困惑的句式加以描述。譬如说，当一个严肃的观察家在描述其他民族“特别礼貌”时，不太可能会再加上一句“但同时又很傲慢、专横”。当他说有些民族的行为非常死板时，不会补充道：“他们又特别适应灵活创新。”当他说一个民族特别恭顺时，不会同时说“他们不轻易服从上级的控制”。或者说他们忠诚、宽厚时，不会同时声称他们“但是又叛逆、狡诈”。当他说他们生性勇敢，不会再去详述他们是如何胆小。当他指出他们总是基于他人的意见行事，不会接着告诉你他们同时具有真诚的良知。当他描述起军队里机器人一样的纪律时，不会接着描述士兵们如何不服管教，甚至作乱犯上。当他描述一个民族如何富有激情地效仿西方，不会同时又渲染他们极端的保守主义。他不会写一本书既关于一个民族是如何崇尚唯美主义、如何尊敬演员和艺术家、如何热衷于菊花艺术栽培，同时又关于他们如何崇尚刀剑和给予武士们最高威望。
然而正是所有这些矛盾之处构成了描写日本的基础。这些矛盾是真实存在的。菊与刀都是日本印象的一部分。日本人极度好战又极度温和，极度黩武又极度爱美，极度粗鲁傲慢又极度彬彬有礼，极度死板又极度灵活，极度恭顺又极度讨厌被使唤，极度忠诚又极度反叛，极度勇敢而又极度胆小，极度保守而又极度喜欢新事物。他们非常在乎他人如何看待他们的所作所为，但是，即便他们犯了错未被人发现，依然会有罪恶感。他们的士兵接受过全面的训练，但依然桀骜不驯。
既然美国迫切需要了解日本，自然不能对这些显著的矛盾视而不见。危机接二连三地出现。日本人下一步会怎么做？能不能不攻打日本本土从而使之投降？应该直接轰炸天皇的皇宫吗？从日军俘虏身上能得到什么？应该如何向日军和本土民众宣传，才能拯救更多美国人的生命，并削弱日本人顽抗的决心？这些问题哪怕在最了解日本人的专家中间也存在着巨大的分歧。当和平到来后，日本人会不会一直依赖军事管制维持社会秩序？我们的军队需要准备好去和那些驻扎深山的疯狂顽抗分子作战吗？是否只有当日本也发生一次像法国大革命或者俄国革命这样的大革命，才能使世界和平成为可能？可谁来领导这样的革命？除此之外，难道只能铲除日本民族了吗？每个人对这些问题的回答必定都不一样。

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Jingdong book

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