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Jingdong book

超人类革命

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超人类革命

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在这场颠覆人类生活的革命到来之前,先颠覆你对人类未来的想象与认知!当医学从治疗转向增强,当基因的编辑如整容一样普及……这场超人类革命势必会从政治、经济、道德、宗教等方面彻底改变人类社会。
如果你可以定制一个婴儿,如果人类可以长生不老……未来会变成怎样?一切从前不可想象的,都正在发生或即将发生!法国前教育部部长警世之作,点燃热议的前沿议题!

Content Description

随着生物技术、纳米技术、信息技术(大数据和互联网)、认知科学(人工智能和机器人)的发展,以及人机混合技术、3D打印技术(尤其在医学上)的广泛运用,我们正经历一次远超我们想象的革命——超人类革命。当医学的目的从治疗转变为改善和增强,人类开始编辑基因、植入芯片……所谓长生不老再也不是神话或科幻,对人类的增强和改善更可能产生“超人类”。这场革命或将从政治、经济、道德、宗教等方面彻底改变人类社会。
本书作者、法国前教育部部长、哲学家吕克·费希详尽地分析了“超人类革命”产生的背景、围绕着它的无数争议,以及各种各样的解决方案,同时也给出了自己的立场和建议

Author Description

吕克·费希(Luc Ferry,1951— ),法国哲学家,2002年—2004年担任法国教育部部长,曾获得美第奇奖、让-雅克·卢梭奖、今日奖等。担任许多知名杂志主笔,以及法国电视哲学节目《哲学种子》主持人。他也是颇受好评的哲学普及作家,出版了《学会生活》《宗教后的教徒》《新生态秩序》《人神:生活的意义》等三十多部作品,被翻译到世界各地 底改变人类社会。

Comments

伦理必须管住技术!
——科学家,上海交通大学教授 江晓原

《超人类革命》的议题重大,保守主义阵营已有两位显赫人物福山、桑德尔,激进主义阵营有文特尔,中国似乎没有论争态势——转基因形成两军对垒,只是对抗,缺乏对话。本书可以促成。
——知名医学人文学者,北京大学教授 王一方

吕克·费希在书中探讨了目前仍鲜为人知的“超人类革命”现象。他从伦理、科学和经济等角度分析了源自北美的这一革命。
——法国《费加罗》杂志

该书主题鲜明,重要性不可小觑,因为它标志着“明日的人性”以及在更深远的未来的人性的成型。
——法国《快报》

作者以清晰可信的方式警醒了我们,人类未来即将发生何等巨大的变化,并为我们从道德、哲学和政治的角度思考新技术可能带来的所有问题提供了一系列思想武器。
——法国《解放报》

面对技术进步,哲学家吕克·费希试图理解它们,并监管它们,在当前的医学和经济领域中,监管至关重要。
——《法国西部报》

Catalogue

导 论 这是一本什么书?为什么要写这本书?

第一章 什么是超人类主义?——论理想型
第二章 生物技术的二律背反——“生物保守主义者”VS“生物进步主义者”
第三章 共享经济和世界的“优步化”——资本主义的式微或混乱的放松管制?
结 论 监管的政治理念——超越悲观主义和乐观主义
附 录 理解 NBIC——纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术和认知科学

Book Abstract

医学的目的从治疗转变为“增强/改善”

有史以来,医学一直都基于一个简单的概念、一个已被反复验证有效的模式:“修复”生物体内被疾病所“破坏”的那一部分。医学的思想框架主要是(且不说完全是)“治疗”性的。比如在古希腊,医生的职责是保证健康,也就是人的生物层面的和谐,如同法官的职责是保证人的社会层面的和谐。在失去秩序之后恢复秩序,在病原体或犯罪分子引发的生物层面或社会层面的疾病出现之后想办法恢复和谐,在明确的正常与病态的两极之间往复,对那些倡导超人类主义运动的人来说已经过时。有了NBIC新技术,即纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术(大数据和互联网)和认知科学(人工智能和机器人)之后,这些极具颠覆性而又极其迅速的技术革新很可能在未来四十年里使医药和经济领域发生过去四千年里都不曾出现的巨大变化,再加上我刚刚提到的人机混合技术以及3D打印(尤其是在医学上的使用)也在发生爆炸式的发展,以往的医学范式已经被超越。
NBIC新技术——如果你还不知道这个词,不要担心,我们会在后面相关章节中给出尽量清晰的解释,并厘清对于理解超人类主义不可或缺的一些基本概念,让我们可以从一个新的角度来看待医学职业。医学不再仅仅局限于“修复”,还可以“改善”人,超人类主义者称之为“提高”和“增强”。(和信息系统中将虚拟图像与真实图像重叠获得的“增强现实”同义。所谓“增强现实”,是指将智能手机上的摄像头对准城市中的某个建筑物,然后你会在手机屏幕上看到这座建筑物的落成日期、建筑师姓名、最初和现在的用途等等。“增强”将是生物与医学领域里的一场真正的革命。)
超人类主义者很有说服力地指出,这种看待医学的视角变化多年前就已经出现,只是人们并未觉察和反思。比如,整形手术在20世纪一直发展,其目的并不是为了治疗,而确确实实是为了改善,具体说是“美化”人的身体。因为我们知道丑陋并不是一种疾病,丑陋的相貌——不论人们如何定义丑陋——跟病理无关,尽管它有时可能是疾病带来的结果。又比如万艾可(伟哥)和其他能增强性功能的药物,它们的存在也是为了增强人体的某种机能。
在很多领域,治疗与改善之间的界限是模糊的,比如我们使用的抗衰老药物,到底是属于“治疗”类还是“改善”类?疫苗又属于前者还是后者呢?超人类主义文献中充满对此类话题和论据的尖锐讨论。“改善”和“治疗”之间的区分不仅难以界定,而且在超人类主义者眼中,这种区分在道德层面不具有任何价值。超人类主义者喜欢用“两个小矮人”的例子来阐释他们的观点:有两个人身高都不超过一米四五,其中一个人是因为童年得病,另一个人是因为父母也个子矮小,所以很“正常”。两个人都因为身材太矮小而在一个偏好高大身材的社会中受到歧视,为什么只治疗其中一个而拒绝另一个呢?在道德层面上,从超人类主义的观点看来,区分病理性的侏儒和“正常”的侏儒并无意义,被关注的应该只是个体所经受的痛苦。
再看另一个例子。
在法国,现在有约四万人患有一种退行性的基因疾病——视网膜色素变性,这会使患者逐渐失明。一家德国公司研发出了一种电子芯片,可以植入患者视网膜,恢复其大部分视力。芯片将光线转换为电信号并将其放大,通过一个电极传输到视网膜上,使这些信号能够通过正常的视神经通道抵达大脑然后转换成图像。请注意,不久前这还被视为科幻。回到20世纪初,一流的学者可能会认为自称发明这一技术的人是招摇撞骗!今天,这已经成为现实,我们听到这样的消息也不会太感意外。这恰巧是一个很好的例子,说明医学是如何不知不觉地从治疗疾病演变成增强机能:起初当然是为了治疗病理症状,而最后的结果却是人与机器的混合。此外,假如有朝一日科学再进一步,基因治疗手术可以通过“剪切/粘贴”的手段对胚胎中具有缺陷的基因进行修复,我们也很难反对这种治疗,原因很简单:几乎找不出任何反对这种手术的理由。
因此,我希望我的读者能够对以下这句话有所理解:超人类计划所引发的道德伦理问题远远不像有些人以为的那么简单,如大众媒体上通常会有人以为自己可以站队“支持”或“反对”,好像这个问题能用非此即彼的方式解决似的。科学的进步既有可能带来令人赞叹的好处,也有可能产生非常可怕的后果

Introduction

千万别以为这是科幻:2015年4月18日,一个中国基因科学家小组对83个人类胚胎进行了一次实验,旨在“修复”甚至“改善”胚胎细胞基因组。用于做实验的胚胎是否全部属于不能成活的胚胎?实验是否合乎道德规范且在限定时间内完成?实验结果如何?因为此类研究的相关信息很不透明,没人能够真正回答上述问题。此外,报告该实验结果的论文未被正式发表,若是得到发表,也许能证明该实验的合理性。不过至少可以肯定,近年来“剪切/复制”基因序列片段的技术的发展突飞猛进,以至于当前的生物技术已经能改变人类个体的基因,就像人类很久前改造玉米、水稻和小麦的种子一样(这些出了名的“转基因作物”引发了环境保护主义者的担忧和愤怒)。
人类基因改造这条路能走多远?会不会有朝一日(很快将实现还是已经实现?)我们能随意改变孩子的某一特质——智力、身高、体格或相貌,选择性别、头发或眼珠的颜色?目前人类还没有到那一步,技术和科学层面还存在诸多障碍,但是至少在理论上一切皆有可能。世界各地有许多科研小组正在极为严肃地研究这一课题。此外还可以肯定的是,这些领域的技术科学正以超乎想象的迅猛速度蓬勃发展,但都没有大张旗鼓,也没有引起政界人士的注意或媒体的广泛关注,因此几乎完全不为普罗大众知晓,也不受任何有哪怕一点约束力的法规制约。
正如法国之外其他国家——主要在美国和德国——的一部分知名思想家,如弗朗西斯·福山(Francis Fukuyama)、迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)和尤尔根·哈贝马斯(Jürgen Habermas)所想的那样,这一新形势迫使我们思考、预见这些人对人的新控制力在未来若干年内将不可避免地引发的诸多深刻问题,包括道德、政治、经济乃至信仰等多方面。本书旨在尝试提出这些问题,分析其来龙去脉并进行解释,从而尽早找到问题的关键所在。
眼下法国和整个欧洲确实需要认识到,美国正在兴起一种名为“超人类主义”的新意识形态,不仅有“超人类主义”预言家、学者,还有令人瞩目的代表人物和知识界拥趸。这一思潮日益强大,得到了Google(谷歌)等互联网巨擘的支持,拥有若干研究中心,并获得源源不绝的资金支持。这个运动虽然在法国尚少人知晓,但在其他国家,尤其是美国,已经有了数以千计的相关文章和论坛,在大学、医院、研究中心、经济及政治团体中引发了热烈的讨论。相关研究协会的国际影响力也越来越大,甚至有人宣称下一届美国总统选举将会出现一名倡导超人类主义的总统候选人。笼统地说(但我们将在第一章进行深入详细的探讨),超人类主义者正凭借其拥有的非常可观的科学手段和物质资源,宣扬新技术,支持采用新技术,支持大量使用干细胞,支持克隆繁殖,支持人机混合,支持基因工程及胚胎操纵,这些或将以不可逆转的方式改变我们人类,目的是改善人类的生存状况。
为什么要使用“革命”这个词?是不是有些牵强?
一点也不。首先因为这类计划已经变得有可能,而且,上文提到亚洲国家甚至已经在进行实验了。鉴于生物技术、信息技术、纳米技术、再生医学、机器人技术、3D打印和人工智能近来突飞猛进,今后在某些国家每年都会出现更大发展。其次,新型医药——及其对传统医药观的颠覆——似乎日渐被大众所接受,尽管部分观察家乍看之下表示对新型医药感到恐慌。
至于为何说“革命”这一词非常重要,我们将在下文中厘清这一点

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欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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