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【繁體】推出你的影響力:每個人都可以影響別人、改善決策,做人生的選擇設計師

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【繁體】推出你的影響力:每個人都可以影響別人、改善決策,做人生的選擇設計師

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内容簡介

2017諾貝爾經濟學獎得主
————理查.塞勒Richard H. Thaler————
最經典的行為經濟學鉅作!

★《快思慢想》作者康納曼盛讚的「行為經濟學聖經」——你有多少機會能讀到一本既重要又有趣,且務實又有深度的好書?
★《蘋果橘子經濟學》作者李維特——太有趣了!怎麼有辦法寫得這麼好?
★《紐約時報》暢銷書/《經濟學人》年度選書/《金融時報》年度選書

輕輕一推就能改變人心的神奇力量!

說服不必聲嘶力竭,改革無須劍拔弩張
所有工作者、教師與為人父母者都需要的一本書

我們每天生活在各種決策之中,從一般日常事務到國家的重大政策方向,都是一連串的選擇或被選擇——既深受影響,也時時刻刻在影響他人。

但這一切的選擇或被選擇並不全然是有意識、有自覺的,人類天性上的缺陷,經常使人們在做決定時有些被動、不夠深思熟慮,傾向於採用經驗法則(預設值),且通常不去思考同一問題若換個方式陳述,自己是否也會有不同的答案。

幸好,人們還是可以試著以有效的心理學方法避免上述不甚理性的決策行為,並為自己或他人做出更好的選擇。本書兩位作者塞勒與桑思坦擁有深厚的行為經濟學背景,並以過去四十年來社會科學的審慎研究結果為基礎,提出在心理學上已被證實有效的全新思維——「推力」(Nudge)。

只要創造出適當的決策環境,就能促使人們自動做出較好的決定。不需要強迫、硬性規定,更不必妨礙任何人的選擇自由,自然會形成一股「推力」,把人事物推往你期望的方向——這一切端看你如何扮演「選擇設計師」(choice architect)的角色。

事實上,我們可能早已在扮演選擇設計師的角色而不自知。你可能是醫生,必須為患者分析各種療法之優劣;你可能是老師,必須設計出能激起學生熱情的教案;身為主管,你得想出能讓員工全力以赴的薪酬獎勵方案;或者你是員工,必須說服老闆接受你的提案;你也可能為人父母,要想辦法讓孩子願意早點入睡、多吃點健康的食物——這些都涉及個人的意願,取決於你如何陳述問題,讓對方心甘情願選擇你期望的、且確實能帶來最佳結果的選項。

要讓每件事都朝我們期望的方向前進通常十分費力,要說服所有人從來就不是件容易的事。但只要學會運用「推力」,透過聰明的選擇設計,說服他人再也不必聲嘶力竭、意見不合也無須劍拔駑張,人人都可以在關鍵時刻推出不同以往的影響力!

★ 小推力╳大影響的實證 ★

1|荷蘭史基霍機場的男廁|設計者在小便斗刻上一隻黑色小蒼蠅,讓多數如廁男士自動瞄準,外濺的情況減少了80%。
2|學校的自助餐廳|把較健康的食物放在視線易觸及且拿取方便的位置,學生選擇健康食物的比例大幅上升。
3|測試效應|當被問到未來多久會使用一次牙線,人們就會更常使用牙線;當被問到未來一週是否會吃油脂食物,人們就會少吃一點。
4|減重|大盤子與大包裝就是會讓人吃得更多。刻意換用小盤子並選購小包裝食物,有助於減重。

作者簡介

作者介紹理查.塞勒Richard H. Thaler

行為經濟學創始人。任教於芝加哥大學商業研究所,擔任行為科學與經濟學的凱勒傑出教授兼決策研究中心主任。此外塞勒也是美國經濟研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)的研究員。

凱斯.桑思坦Cass R. Sunstein

過去十五年來,桑斯坦是全美最常被援引的法律學者,同時在行為經濟學界亦有重要地位。2009年至2012年曾任白宮資訊與管制事務辦公室(OIRA)主任。現為哈佛法學院羅伯沃斯利校級教授(Robert Walmsley University Professor)。

目錄

推薦序 影響與被影響,選擇與被選擇╱李瑞華

前言

PART 1 一般人與經濟人

1 偏見與謬誤

2 如何抗拒誘惑?

3 從眾心理

4 我們何時需要推力?

5 選擇設計

PART 2 金錢——儲蓄、投資與借貸

6 「明日存更多」計畫

7 天真的投資人

8 信用市場

PART 3 推力如何讓社會更美好?

9 社會安全制度應該民營化嗎?——以瑞典為例

10 問題重重的處方藥計畫

11 如何提高器官捐贈率

12 拯救地球

13 婚姻民營化

PART 4 延伸運用與反對意見

14 十二種推力

15 反對意見  

16 真正的第三條路

後記

參考書目

自序/導讀

推薦序影響與被影響,選擇與被選擇

政大商學院領導學與組織管理學教授/李瑞華

本書的英文書名是「Nudge」,原意是用手肘輕碰對方,以達到提醒或推動的作用。那是一種似有若無的、很輕的、不可能推動對方的力道;但在關鍵時刻,卻能在無形中產生作用而明顯影響結果。這就像武俠小說中,形容武林大師輕輕一「點」就能打通任督二脈,令人功力大增;其所產生的漣漪效應,就像星星之火可以燎原。

我想起1995年春節,我在紐西蘭南島皇后鎮生平第一次的高空彈跳(Bungy Jump)經驗。我原本以為那是活得不耐煩的人才會做的瘋狂行為,後來是被高空彈跳的風險比高速公路開車更低的數據給說服了。我以為自己已經做好準備,但站在吊橋上要往下跳的那一剎那,才知道自己有多恐慌。教練喊:「一、二、三,跳!」但我的雙腿好像負重千斤,就是跨不出那一步。這時教練只是很輕鬆地說:「沒事,第一次都這樣。我們再來一次⋯⋯一、二、三,跳!」然後用食指在我右肩輕輕一點⋯⋯我就跳下去了。教練的輕輕一點,就是「Nudge」,就是那種似有若無的推力。它本身的力道不足以移動我一絲一毫,卻能讓我不再猶豫,往前跨出那艱難的一步,縱身跳下數百英尺的山谷,幫我完成這輩子永遠忘不了的壯舉。快二十年了,我還清楚記得那輕輕一點的感覺,以及它幫我縱身跳下的影響力。

這種情境就是本書作者所說的,做出選擇或行動的惰性(inertia),是我們跨出舒適區的心理門檻。尤其不確定性越大時,門檻越高,障礙越大。這時我們的反射性思維(reflexive thinking)或書中說的自動系統(系統一),往往就會直覺但不自覺地、且是理所當然地做出我們習慣的選擇,或跟著大家的選擇(從眾心理);也或者不做選擇,而沒意識到那也是一種無意識的選擇。此時那種似有若無的「推力」,會對我們的抉擇產生關鍵影響。這種「推力」可能來自內心,也可能是外加的。

其實只要意識清楚,我們可以用反省性思維(reflective thinking)或書中說的省思系統(系統二)做出理性的選擇。作者提出「經濟人」與「一般人」的區別,「經濟人」就是能善用系統二做理性選擇的。但事實上,因種種因素形成的思維慣性或盲點,有時我們自以為是以「經濟人」的理性思維做有意識的抉擇,卻在無意識中掉進了「一般人」的非理性抉擇。

「選擇設計師」(Choice Architect,即遊戲規則制訂者)就是利用自身對人性的理解,來影響人們的選擇傾向。就像高空彈跳教練輕鬆地說「沒事,我們再來一次」,然後輕輕一點,我就跨出了關鍵的一步,縱身跳下。在人生中,我們經常受「選擇設計師」所影響,也經常有意或無意地扮演「選擇設計師」的角色,以影響別人。

能真正把這個過程搞清楚,我們才能有效管理「系統一」和「系統二」的思維模式,在關鍵時刻、關鍵事件做出明智理性的抉擇,有效地避免無意識地「被選擇」。反之,我們同時又扮演各種影響別人的角色,比如家長、朋友、官員、主管、產品或服務提供者⋯⋯等,所以我們也要更有意識地思考如何扮演「選擇設計者」的角色,更有效地幫別人做選擇。

作者提出「自由家長制」的概念,運用對人性的了解,在設計上利用「推力」,協助其管理或服務對象做出有利的選擇,以提高管理或服務的效益。但為了同時維護他們還是有選擇的自由,要重視資訊的透明度和告知的義務,並保留退出「預設選擇」的機制,使當事人有拒絕「被選擇」的自主權。

其實在我們的日常生活中,我們無可避免地要面對各種「選擇設計」的影響。小至影響消費行為的各種行銷(如折扣或集點)或產品的預設值(如手機預設的App);大至影響國家政策的選舉辦法(如一區一席 vs 一區多席)或公投命題(如贊不贊成核電 vs 反不反對核電 vs 贊不贊成廢核)。

影響力愈大的「選擇設計師」,濫用其影響力的風險愈高。如果社會文明程度較高,大家都有互信,而且有一套公正有效的機制來選拔有良善動機及強烈責任感的「選擇設計師」,再輔以有效的監理機制,確實可提高效益,減少許多無謂的虛耗。

我認為釐清以上這些核心觀念是本書最大的價值,作者提出許多具體的想法和做法,你我不一定都認同,但可以作為更進一步理解這些核心觀念的具體實例。

我相信本書能幫讀者更清楚自己如何被他人影響,並影響他人——更清楚自己如何做選擇、該如何做更好的選擇、該如何幫他人做選擇、該如何避免自己或避免誤導他人不當地「被選擇」。這將使我們的工作效益更高,也會讓彼此的生活更幸福。

各界推薦/推薦序

★ 各界推薦 ★

李瑞華│政大商學院領導學與組織管理學教授/專序力推

朱立倫│新北市長
朱敬一│中研院院士
洪 蘭│中央大學認知與神經科學研究所所長
胡志強│臺中市長
范 雲│台灣大學社會學系副教授
孫 越│終身義工
陳 菊│高雄市長
傅立葉│陽明大學衛生福利研究所副教授
劉憶如│前財政部長、台灣大學財務金融學系兼任教授
蕭新煌│中央研究院社會學研究所研究員
好評推出影響力(按姓氏筆畫排序

你有多少機會可以讀到一本重要又有趣,務實又有深度的好書?任何人若希望看到人類的心智與社會邁向更好的未來,都不能錯過此書。閱讀本書能讓你做出更高明決定,讓這個世界更美好。——諾貝爾經濟學獎得主、《快思慢想》作者 丹尼爾.康納曼Daniel Kahneman

這本書讀起來太有趣了!學術界的人怎麼有辦法寫得這麼好?——《蘋果橘子經濟學》作者 史帝文.李維特Steven D. Levitt

難得的佳作。本書將改變你的思想,不只是關於你周遭的世界以及較大的社會議題,更會改變你對自己的了解。——《自食惡果》、《魔球》暢銷作者 麥可.路易斯Michael Lewis

在 這本精彩好書裡,作者告訴我們如何引導人們獲得更健康的生活、更明智的投資與更乾淨的環境,同時又可以保有神聖不可剝奪的自主權——只要他們願意,還是有 權可以把自己的人生搞得一團糟。其中一位作者是行為經濟學家的創始人,另一位是美國法學界的頂尖人才,兩人攜手合作,誓言展開一場實務與政策的革命。這本 書帶給讀者的影響絕不只是輕輕推一把,而是意外的震憾。——哈佛大學心理學教授 丹尼爾.吉爾伯特Daniel Gilbert

內容引人,資訊豐富,讀起來非常愉快。作者對社會政策的設計提供很重要的建議,主張在充分保障自主權的前提下,將人們輕輕推向最符合自身利益的方向。非常值得一讀。——全球最具影響力設計師之一、《好設計不簡單》作者 唐納.諾曼Donald A. Norman

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Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by King Stone

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 49
Genuine guarantee
Ship from Taiwan

Shipping

UPS Ground $11.99(Free shipping over $49)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. It will not be shipped between April 7, 2019 and April 4, 2019. Orders during this time will begin shipping on April 8. Thanks for your cooperation.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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About the brand

KingStone

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About the brand

KingStone