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【繁體】世界第一簡單有機化學

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内容簡介

高中生的最佳延伸閱讀!

不死背化學式,理解原理

化工、農化、生化、藥學科系的基礎!

氫原子、氧原子、氮原子構成生命活動,

為什麼生物體選擇碳原子作為骨幹?

跟著漫畫,一步步深入有機化學:

原子與分子的基礎知識→性質→化學反應→人工製造新分子!

最後以「香料化學」補充有機化學觀點!

原子結構、軌域與電子分布是什麼?

有機化合物的性質來自哪裡?

分子的立體結構會改變物質的氣味?

竟然有肉眼可見的巨分子?

有香氣的物質多為脂溶性?

最全面的有機化學入門書《世界第一簡單有機化學》,

搭配《3小時讀通週期表》,

再也不怕化學式!

成為生物科技的主人翁!

作者簡介

作者介紹長谷川登志夫

1957年出生於東京都。埼玉大學理學院化學系畢業。東京大學理學院 有機化學研究所畢業。理學博士。現為埼玉大學理工學院研究所副教授。
專長為香料有機化學,從有機化學的角度,研究各種植物散發出來的香氣分別有什麼特徵。埼玉大學理學院 基礎化學科 長谷川研究室
http://www.hase-lab-fragrance.org/

審訂者簡介

吳學亮


現職:國立台灣師範大學化學系副教授
學歷:國立清華大學化學系學識、博士
經歷:日本大阪大學博士後研究員、美國麻省理工學院博士後研究元、日本大阪府立大學訪問教授
授課科目:有機合成與光譜學
研究方面:天然物合成、藥物合成、不對稱合成

目錄

序章 來自太空的有機俠

第1章 化學的基礎

1.1 什麼是化學?

1.2 有機化合物的分子骨架由碳原子組成

1.3 原子結構與化學鍵

深入了解

●原子結構

●軌域與電子分布

●sp3混成軌域與單鍵

作者專欄 料理是有機化學的實驗

第2章 有機化學的基礎

2.1 有機化合物性質的由來(官能基)

2.2 有機化合物的命名法則

深入了解

●雙鍵與三鍵

●共軛與共振

作者專欄 肉眼可見的巨分子

第3章 有機化合物的結構

3.1 什麼是異構物?

3.2 分子的平面結構及性質(立體配置)

3.3 分子的立體結構、鏡中的分子世界(鏡像異構物)

深入了解

●分子式、結構式的寫法及解讀

●E, Z命名法

●立體異構物的各種表現方式

●R, S命名法

●立體構形

作者專欄 立體結構會改變物質的氣味

第4章 有機化合物的性質

4.1 溶於水的物質與溶於油的物質(親水性・親油性)

4.2 造成沸點不同的原因(分子間交互作用・極性鍵結)

4.3 酸與鹼

4.4 擁有正六角形結構,名為苯環的芳香族化合物

深入了解

●酸與鹼

●苯的結構

●酮-烯醇的互變異構

作者專欄 有香氣的物質多為脂溶性

第5章 有機化合物的化學反應

5.1 有機化合物可經許多種不同反應轉變為其他分子

5.2 碳氫化合物的反應

5.3 酒精的反應

深入了解

●酯化反應

●雙鍵的加成反應

●鹵化碳氫化合物的親核性取代反應

●鹵化碳氫化合物的脫去反應

●苯環反應(芳香族親電子取代反應)

作者專欄 操控物質性質的力量;有機化學反應

附錄 組成生物體的有機化合物

●構成生物體的有機化合物

●蛋白質

●脂質

●醣類

●人工合成的聚合物

索引

各界推薦/推薦序

國立臺灣師範大學化學系副教授 吳學亮 ◎審訂

內容試閱

分子式、結構式的寫法與解讀

化學式將元素符號寫成式子,以表示分子的組成。化學式有好幾種寫法,可達到各種目的。下表以乙烷、乙醇、環己烷等化合物為例。

要描述分子的基本結構,必需知道構成分子的元素種類與個數,分子式提供了這些資訊,亦即,分子式可以告訴我們化合物的基本資料。其中,分子各種組成元素的比例特別重要,而實驗式即是元素比例的表示法。例如,乙烷的分子式C2H6,代表一個乙烷分子是由兩個碳原子與六個氫原子所組成,碳和氫的比例是1:3,因此實驗式是CH3。乙醇、環己烷這兩個化合物的分子式與實驗式已列於表3.1,請參考。

另外,乙醇有一個稱為羥基(OH)的官能基。分子的官能基會影響性質,而將官能基寫出來的表示法,稱作示性式,舉例來說,乙醇有兩種示性式的寫法,可表示乙醇的碳氫骨架。若要完整表示分子的結構,則要使用結構式。結構式能夠表示分子的結構,以及各組成原子的鍵結方式。為了明確說明有機化合物的分子結構,有機化合物通常都表示成結構式,但是如果分子過大,結構式會變得很複雜。因此,有些結構式會省略碳原子的C與氫原子的H,僅以線段表示碳原子和碳原子的鍵結,表3.1的結構式(ㄆ)即是此形式加上官能基的表示法。複雜的分子會同時使用結構式和示性式等,來表示分子結構。

E, Z命名法

雙鍵所形成的幾何異構物(立體異構物),可分為順式(Cis)和反式(Trans)兩種(參照第74 頁)。然而,如圖3.1,雙鍵旁的位置都鍵結不同的原子或原子團,即無法單純歸類為順式和反式。請看圖3.1右部的化合物,對甲基(H3C)來說,Br(溴原子)是反式,而Cl(氯原子)是順式。用這種表示法,必須指定一個原子或原子團,使人特別注意,再定義它的立體結構。擁有許多雙鍵的化合物立體結構表示法相當複雜,因此IUPAC(國際純粹暨應用化學聯合會)制定「E, Z命名法」,以較簡單的形式為幾何異構物命名。目前一般人仍習慣使用順式與反式等名稱,正式名稱則使用E, Z命名法,然而E, Z命名法是什麼呢?請看圖3.1,我們先將雙鍵的兩側表示成X和Y,以突顯結構的差異,接著為X、Y內的原子與原子團依大小排序。如果原子序較大的原子與原子團在雙鍵的同一側,便命名為Z;在雙鍵的不同側,則命名為E。決定原子與原子團順序的步驟(序列法則)

依照下列的步驟(1)和(2),即可決定原子與原子團的順序。先看步驟(1)能不能決定順序,若無法決定順序,再利用步驟(2)來決定。

(1) 原子序較大的原子,排在前面。

(2) 若兩個原子的原子序相同,請比較與兩者鍵結的原子,原子
序較大者,排在前面。

參照上述規則,即可排出適當的順序。

根據上述規則,比較圖3.1碳原子C與氫原子H的原子序(C的順序為1,H的順序為2),可得到Cl的順序為2,Br的順序為1。若順序較前面的C和Br位於同一側(如圖3.1左部的化合物)即命名為Z,若位於不同側(如圖3.1右部的化合物)則命名為E。此外,以圖3.2為例,X可以用步驟(1)決定順序;但Y的兩邊都是C,無法馬上看出順序,需使用步驟(2)來判斷,其中一邊的C、兩個H與一個Cl鍵結,另一邊的C、兩個H與一個Br鍵結,必須比較Cl和Br的原子序,以決定順序。因此,如圖3.2 所示,這個化合物的立體結構為Z配置。

立體異構物的各種表現方式

甲烷的結構式如圖3.3 的(ㄅ),然而甲烷分子實際的結構其實是圖3.4的正四面體結構,為了呈現這樣的立體結構,一般用圖3.3的(ㄆ)來表示,稱為楔形表示法,請看圖3.5的詳細說明。這種表示法常用於說明有機化合物的反應機制。

R, S命名法

擁有不對稱碳原子的化合物,與它的鏡像化合物互為異構物,亦即互為鏡像異構物,但這兩個立體結構的旋光度是+或-(旋光是指「使光的偏振面旋轉」的性質,使偏振面往右旋轉記為「+」,往左記為「-」),並無固定規律,而是受各鏡像異構物的物理性質影響。與偏振面方向一致的光(偏振光)通過鏡像異構物的分子,會往特定方向旋轉,而旋光度即是旋轉的角度。

若偏振光往右旋轉,則稱此分子具有右旋性,以+表示角度;若偏振光往左旋轉,則稱此分子具有左旋性,以-表示角度。由於鏡像異構物的兩種分子有不同的旋光性質,故亦稱作光學異構物。但是互為光學異構物的分子,立體結構不一定互為鏡像,也就是說,鏡像異構物只是光學異構物的一種。此外,旋光度亦無法用分子的立體結構來推測,如此一來,鏡像異構物該如何命名呢?R, S命名法的誕生,便是為了解決這個問題。圖3.6 可說明R, S命名法。首先,將與不對稱碳原子鍵結的原子(或原子團)排序,排序的方式與E, Z命名法的步驟相同,從原子序最大的原子開始排。把順序排出來便可得到圖3.6右部的表,再將順序最後的原子(此例為氟原子F),轉到遠離眼睛的方向,如圖3.6 的左部,讓眼睛觀看分子的方向與箭號相同。如此一來,便能得到圖3.6左下方的示意圖。接著,依據另外三個原子(或原子團)的順序,觀察原子排列的方向。若原子排列方向為往右旋轉,分子的立體結構則為R配置;若往左旋轉,分子的立體結構則為S配置。依照此規則,便能定義具有不對稱碳原子的分子立體結構。兩個互為鏡像異構物的分子,由各個分子的相互作用所決定的物理性質(例如沸點),以及一般的化學反應性質,基本上不會有太大差異,這一點易使人誤以為鏡像異構物的化學性質無足輕重,但其實它對生物體來說是相當重要的。如附錄「構成生物體的有機化學」所示(第183 頁),構成生物體蛋白質的二十種-胺基酸中,有十九種胺基酸皆具有不對稱碳原子,亦即十九種胺基酸皆有鏡像異構物,而生物體只需要兩個鏡像異構物的其中之一,自然界只用鏡像異構物的其中一種胺基酸來合成蛋白質,進行維持生命的活動。由此可知,鏡像異構物掌握了生命活動的關鍵。

立體構形

1. 鏈狀烷類的立體構形

具有C=C雙鍵的化合物(烯類)可能會有順式與反式的幾何異構物(稱為順反異構物)。由於碳和碳以雙鍵鍵結,要旋轉這個鍵結,需有足夠的能量打斷雙鍵的鍵,亦即兩個異構物具有難以跨越的能量障礙(旋轉能障,rotation barrier),因此在室溫下,會保持穩定狀態,兩個異構物不會改變結構,互相變來變去。

但C-C單鍵不一樣,無論怎麼旋轉,也不會影響重疊的電子軌域(鍵結部位),不像幾何異構物一樣擁有能量障礙而難以旋轉結構。換句話說,在室溫下,C-C單鍵能夠任意轉動,可以自由旋轉,但是不同角度的結構,仍有微小的能量差異,所以會產生數種構形異構物※。下文以乙烯為例,說明這個現象。

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欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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