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【繁體】寶貝要上幼兒園了!給特殊兒家長的入學準備工具箱

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【繁體】寶貝要上幼兒園了!給特殊兒家長的入學準備工具箱

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在充滿期待及未知的學前階段,特殊兒家長到底應該做好哪些準備?


身為父母的你是不是也有同樣的疑問:
★孩子可以上學了嗎?應該加強哪些方面的能力?
★選擇幼兒園須考慮哪些條件?哪一種教學法比較適合孩子?
★上學之後是不是要繼續療育課程?
★如果孩子跟不上學校進度該怎麼辦?

小寶貝要去上幼兒園了,真的是一則以喜,一則以憂。幾乎所有特殊兒的家長都希望有一天,自己的孩子能像其他孩子一樣到學校學習、交到好朋友、不要受到差別待遇。正因為如此,不管孩子目前在哪個發展階段,期待孩子能回歸主流的教育體系,特別是能融合在普通班級,和同齡孩子一起成長,是許多慢飛天使的爸媽最終的目標。

這樣的理想非常美好,但並不是將孩子送到學校,一切就會自然發生。特殊兒上幼兒園前,家長應該先了解和釐清的事情包括──

迷思:孩子去上學就能模仿同齡孩子的行為。
真相:沒有「模仿」及「觀察性學習」能力,孩子上了幼兒園也不能從老師與其他同學身上學習。

迷思:早點讓孩子上學,就可以早點適應團體生活。
真相:適應並不是真正的問題,能力夠不夠才是。就算能適應學校生活,並不表示孩子能聽得懂老師上課的內容,也不代表他能自動與其他孩子互動。

迷思:只要不幫孩子貼標籤,別人就不會發現他有什麼不一樣。
真相:當孩子缺乏社交能力、對同學沒反應,或經常做出不適當的行為時,其他孩子會自動幫他貼上標籤。

早療專家袁巧玲博士以多年來輔導特殊兒的經驗,一步一步陪伴爸媽認識幼兒園的環境,了解孩子應該具備的基本能力,並建議如何在家中幫助孩子以遊戲方式培養不同的學習技能。除了掌握各種可能造成孩子不適應的因素,父母自己也要調整好心情,增強維持良好親師關係的溝通技巧,做好充足的準備,期待每個孩子都能順利融入校園生活,快樂學習。

目錄

□推薦序1/驚豔!融合前就該如此做! 王意中
□推薦序2/其實你不懂我的心 林文生
□推薦序3/在星輝斑斕裡放歌 劉增榮
□前言

第1章 送孩子上幼兒園前爸媽應了解的事 17
爸媽的期待/打破迷思:把特殊兒送去幼兒園就會變好?/孩子在幼兒園到底發生了什麼事?/孩子準備好去上學了嗎?/孩子的療育規劃與比例

第2章 如何選擇幼兒園 59
幼兒園有哪些類型?/選擇幼兒園時必問的問題/參觀幼兒園

第3章 入學前要做的準備 87
一個媽媽的體驗/幫孩子在心理、情緒上做好準備/幫孩子在基本能力上做好準備/讓孩子愛上學習的小技巧/家長自己的心理準備

第4章 上學後該放手與該注意的狀況 119
孩子的情緒和適應期/是誰在幫孩子貼標籤?/跟不上大家的學習進度

第5章 給孩子額外的協助:陪讀 143
什麼情況需要陪讀?/陪讀需要注意的問題/誰來陪讀?/陪讀的評估/陪讀的目標/要陪讀多久?/老師也有磨合期/陪讀案例分享

第6章 改善學習從親師合作開始 187
另一個增進孩子學習的關鍵:親師關係/給家長:如何與老師溝通/給老師:如何與家長溝通/怎麼做才算合作?/親師一致,孩子才會學得好

內容試閱

打破迷思:把特殊兒送去幼兒園就會變好?

很多家長在聽到醫師或親友建議將孩子送去幼兒園時,都會躍躍欲試,但又不免憂心忡忡。我就經常在開學季前遇到家長帶著他們的寶貝來問我:「袁博士,醫師說把小孩送去幼兒園,有同年齡孩子的刺激,他自然而然就會進步了!這是真的嗎?」我能了解爸媽的心情,期待孩子能跟一般孩子在一起學習、互動,這是所有特殊兒家長的共同的目標。但是事實上,並不是所有的案例都像醫師說的,送到幼兒園就自己會變好!從我多年輔導孩子的經驗,和實際進入幼兒園的觀察,有些真相我必須要告訴家長:

◆迷思1:孩子去上學就能模仿同齡孩子的行為。

如果你希望孩子上一般學校的理由是期待他能向其他小朋友學習,就必須先檢視孩子「模仿」及「觀察性學習」的能力。美國針對融合教育進行了許多研究,都發現當孩子能透過觀察他人,進而從中學習,在融合的環境裡才能真正吸收多元的刺激,融合才會成功、有意義。但是也有研究特別提到,這種能力在許多的特殊兒身上需要透過特定的訓練方式才能讓他們學會,並不會自然地發展出來。觀察性學習不只是模仿能力,它是孩子在觀察老師與其他小朋友互動後,不是在當下模仿, 而是在當下吸收、消化,之後也能記得,並且在其他情境能展現出他先前學到的內容,這類學習的範圍包括了學業還有社交技巧。

從以上的觀點來看,也許家長應該先問問自己孩子是否有足夠的先備條件。例如:孩子會觀察或注意別人嗎?他能不能專注在別人身上持續一段時間?(比如同學在進行一個活動或說話的時候,孩子能不能看著同學幾分鐘,注意他的動作或表情。)孩子有模仿能力嗎?他能看著同學正在做的動作或遊戲並一起模仿嗎?如果孩子缺乏這些能力和該有的持續度,那麼他在幼兒園的環境中,學習上一定會遇到困難。◆迷思2:早點讓孩子上學,就可以早點適應團體生活。

其實,適應並不是真正的問題,能力夠不夠才是問題。只要是人,都有適應的能力,只是需要的時間長短不同。孩子就算能適應,並不表示他上課時能聽得懂老師講課的內容、跟得上同學學習的腳步,也不代表他就能自動跟其他孩子互動,要切記,如果是診斷出有發展遲緩的孩子,學習的方式不像一般發展的兒童,他們需要經過特別地教導才能學習。因此,這時家長需要考量的,是目前對孩子而言,到底有沒有足夠的條件去上一般幼兒園?治療與上學,哪一項比較迫切?還是可以同時進行?

◆迷思3:孩子在學校可以得到比較多的刺激,學習也會比較快。

有一個爸媽應該要注意的正確觀念就是:刺激給得多,並不等於孩子就會學得多,孩子能吸收多少主要是取決於他本身的條件和老師的教法。也就是說,孩子若是缺乏專注力、理解力、模仿力、自我管理能力、學習動機等,那麼就算老師上的課再怎麼豐富、變化再多,孩子也很難進入狀況,因為這些都是任何孩子在學習時所需要的關鍵條件。這時候,如果老師不將孩子的困難點納入考量、為孩子適時調整教學內容或引導方式,學習效率絕對會大打折扣。

◆迷思4:幼兒園老師的經驗豐富,他們會懂得如何帶我們的孩子。

特殊兒的學習方式跟一般孩子不同,他們的學習內容需要先劃分能容易達成 的步驟,同時還需要透過策略性的引導與協助才能進行;另外很重要的一點,就是特殊兒童的學習動機低,在教學時必須運用技巧來激勵孩子。從這些點來看一般的幼兒園,他們的步調太快,很多孩子跟不上,班上的老師人力不足,又加上大多數的老師是幼保科背景,缺乏特教方面的訓練,因此,很難孩子做個別化的教學。

◆迷思5:老師說孩子沒什麼問題,就不需要擔心。

當幼兒園的老師向家長說:「小朋友很好啊!他適應得沒問題!」通常我都會擔心這是什麼意思。從我們陪讀和入班觀察的經驗中發現,當孩子本身不太有問題行為、個性又溫和時,老師都會覺得他「沒問題」,但是沒問題有時候也就代表孩子被擱置一旁,反正他不會吵鬧,老師可能就任由他做他想做的事,不參與也沒關係,此時,小朋友就喪失了很多學習的機會。◆迷思6:只要不幫孩子貼標籤,別人就不會發現他有什麼不一樣。

千萬別認為孩子只要跟一般孩子一起上課,就不會被貼上標籤;更不要以為, 只要你不提到孩子的狀況,老師或班上的同學就察覺不出來。要記得,班上都是同年齡層的孩子,很容易互相參照。當孩子缺乏社交能力、對同學沒反應,或經常做出不適當的行為時,其他孩子會自動幫他貼上標籤:「他好奇怪!我不要跟他玩!」小朋友貼的標籤很容易影響其他班上的孩子,會比我們大人給他的更難移除。

另外有些孩子很敏感,能察覺自己跟別人不一樣,看到自己與他人的能力落差大,就會缺乏自信,造成他更退縮的狀況,不願意學習也不願意與其他孩子互動, 越強迫只帶來反效果。積極把孩子送入幼兒園卻得到了這種結果,家長的心急也許反而帶給孩子負面的學習經驗。我們是否該問問自己,到底孩子準備好了沒?我們身為家長的有沒有先幫他建立好學習的條件?

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About the brand

KingStone