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Jingdong book

果麦经典:人生的智慧(新译典藏本)叔本华的幸福课,一本书讲透幸福度过一生的智慧

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果麦经典:人生的智慧(新译典藏本)叔本华的幸福课,一本书讲透幸福度过一生的智慧

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★ 人生导师鼻祖叔本华的一堂幸福课
★ 拒绝心灵鸡汤!文风犀利、金句迭出的人生指南
★ 译自桑德斯经典英译本,对照德文原版精审精校
★ 200余条注释 5000字长文导读,无障碍阅读

Content Description


《人生的智慧》一书取自叔本华的封笔之作《附录与补遗》,并独立成书。本书以简洁优雅、充满哲思的文笔,探讨了生活的本质以及人生应遵循的原则,并教导人们如何在生活中获得幸福。叔本华在书中深入阐述了自己对人生诸问题的思考,并旁征博引近百位人物的相关思想和作品。
叔本华认为,人类的幸福主要取决于人自身的内在因素,主要包括正直的品格、良好的智力和健康的体魄。这些深刻的哲理和积极的人生态度,对于当代人的现实生活仍有着十分积极的意义。

Author Description


叔本华(Arthur Schopenhauer,1788-1860)
德国哲学家,唯意志论的代表人物
在伦理学、美学、认识论等领域都有重要贡献
代表作有《作为意志和表象的世界》《论充足理由律的四重根》《附录与补遗》等

Catalogue


引言
第一章对主题的划分
第二章人格,或人本身
第三章财产,或一个人拥有的东西
第四章地位,或一个人在他人眼中的位置

劝诫与格言

第一章一般规则
第二章我们与自身的关系
第三章我们与他人的关系
第四章如何面对世事与命运
第五章人生诸阶段

叔本华其人和他的人生智慧
叔本华年表
叔本华主要作品

Book Abstract


第一章对主题的划分
亚里士多德将人生幸事的来源分为三类--外界、灵魂和身体。在此我只保留他的三分法。我注意到,人类命运的根本差异可以归结为三个不同的类别:
( 1)人本身:即广义上的人格,其中包括健康、力量、美貌、性情、品德、智力和教养。
( 2)人拥有的东西:即财产和各种所有物。
( 3)人的外在形象:众所周知,这是指一个人在别人眼中的形象,也就是别人对他的看法。一个人的形象可以通过别人对他的看法而得知,反过来,别人的看法又通过他的荣誉、地位和名声体现出来。
第一个类别, 是由大自然本身在人与人之间所规定的差别。仅从这一事实,我们立即就可以推断:比起后面两个类别,它对人类幸福(或者不幸)的影响更为重要和彻底,因为后两者出自人为的安排。所有的地位或出身的特权,即使是王孙贵族,相比于真正的个人优势,比如伟大的头脑或心灵,就如同舞台上的国王遇到现实中的国王。伊壁鸠鲁的大弟子梅特多鲁斯在他的一本书中,就将其中一章的标题取名为"获取幸福的途径,在我们自身之中,而非自身之外"。
显而易见,对一个人的幸福,乃至整个存在的基调而言,最主要的因素是他本身,是他的内在心性。 因为这是他内心满足或不满的直接来源,这种满足与否是由他的感觉、欲望和思想的总和带来的;而身外的一切,都只能对他产生间接的影响。正因如此,同样的外部事件或者环境,对两个人的影响不尽相同;即使外部环境完全相同,每个人也都活在他自己的世界里。因为一个人只对他自己的想法、感受和意志活动有直接的了解,外部世界只能通过引发它们而对他产生影响。一个人所生活的世界,主要是由他看待这个世界的方式所塑造的,因此不同的人活在不同的世界里。对一个人来说,世界是沉闷、无趣和肤浅的;而对另一个人来说,世界可能是丰富、有趣和充实的。
每当听别人讲述他经历的趣事时,很多人都会希望类似的事情也发生在自己身上,完全忘记了他们应该嫉妒的是对方的心理特质,这一特质让所发生的事情在其描述中变得妙趣横生。对一个聪颖的人来说,那些事件是有趣的冒险,但对一个迟钝的普通人来说,那只是平凡、乏味的日常琐事。这种情形尤其见于歌德和拜伦的许多诗歌,它们明显是基于真实事件的。但一个愚蠢的读者可能会嫉妒诗人,嫉妒他们身上发生了这么多奇妙、有趣的事情,而不是羡慕诗人强大的想象力--正是这种想象力,将平凡、普通的经历转化为伟大、美好的事物。
同样,面对同一个场景,忧郁的人看到一出悲剧,乐观的人看到一场有趣的冲突,而迟钝的人看到的则是毫无意义的琐事。究其原因,是因为任何一件事如果要发生并得到理解,都需要两个因素的合作,即一个主体和一个客体。尽管这两个因素紧密相连,就如同水中的氢和氧一样。
因此,当客体这一半完全相同,但主体不同时,眼前的现实情况可能完全不同, 仿佛客观因素本来就不一样。对一个愚钝的人来说,世上最为美好的客体也只是一种糟糕现实的呈现,因此无福消受。这种情况就像在阴沉的天气下欣赏美丽的风景,或者用一枚模糊的镜头拍摄美景。
坦白地说,每个人都受困于自身意识的局限,就像受困于这副皮囊一样,因此外界的帮助对他的作用不大。在舞台上,一个人演王公,另一个人演大臣,其他人演仆从、士兵或将军,如此等等。然而,这些只是外在的不同,如果探究这些角色的内在现实,我们就会发现核心都是一个可怜的戏子,对自己的命运忧心忡忡。
人生也是如此。不同的地位和财富赋予每个人一个角色,但这绝不意味着内在幸福和快乐是相对应的。在这个意义上,所有人存在的本质也都一样-- 一个满是困苦和烦恼的可怜凡人。
虽然每个人困苦和烦恼的内容各不相同,但在不同形式之下,本质大抵相同。确实,困苦和烦恼的程度有别,但程度的差别绝非与一个人扮演的角色以及他的地位和财富一一对应。因为一个人身上存在或发生的一切,只存在并发生于他的意识之中。
因此对一个人来说,最本质的东西是其意识的品性,大多数情况下,意识的品性远比形成意识内容的环境更重要。世上一切光鲜亮丽的事物,在一个愚蠢的人的无聊意识中,都会变得了无生趣。与之形成鲜明对比的是,塞万提斯 1 运用他的想象力,在简陋的牢房里写下了《堂吉诃德》。生活和现实的客体那一半由命运掌握,因此变幻莫测,而主体的那一半是我们自己,本质上一成不变。
因此,每个人的一生都打上了不变的烙印,不管他的外在环境如何变化--就像同一段主旋律的一系列变奏。没有人能够摆脱自己的本性。不管将动物置于何种环境当中,它们总是停留在由大自然划定的界限之内。
因此,我们如果想要动物快活,就必须顺应它们的本性,绝不可超出它们的本性和感受的范围之外。人也一样,一个人所能获得的幸福,是由他的本性事先决定的。特别是一个人的精神力量,彻底决定了一个人享受高级愉悦的能力。


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