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Jingdong book

认知风格与生活

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认知风格与生活

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Content Description

本书试图介绍认知风格及相关的人类生活状况。全书从理论阐释、测评工具、实证研究、干预和改善四方面阐述场独立—场依存、分析型认知风格、自我效能感、气质性乐观、希望、解释风格和内隐理论等7种认知风格,内容系统、具体,层次清晰,文字畅达,兼具学术性与可读性。

Author Description

李琼,武汉体育学院健康科学系心理教研室讲师,北京师范大学心理学博士。研究方向为人格与社会心理学、教育心理学,在国内外学术期刊发表论文多篇。

黄端,武汉体育学院健康科学系心理教研室讲师,中国科学院心理研究所博士。研究方向为人格与心理测量、社会心理,在国内外学术期刊发表论文10余篇。


Catalogue

目录

1场独立—场依存1

1.1场独立—场依存的认知风格2

1.2场独立—场依存的评估方法5

1.3心理分化的成因8

1.4场独立—场依存: 能力还是风格?11

1.5场独立—场依存与工作记忆13

1.6场独立—场依存与计算机模拟教学16

1.7场独立—场依存的可塑性20

1.8本章小结21

2分析型认知风格24

2.1分析型认知风格: 反思和分析的倾向性25

2.2双加工理论和双系统理论25

2.3认知能力与分析型认知风格28

2.4分析型认知风格的测量方式30

2.5分析型认知风格与超自然信念36

2.6分析型认知风格与阴谋论、爱情论40

2.7分析型认知风格与道德43

2.8分析型认知风格与创造力45

2.9分析型认知风格与手机使用47

2.10分析型认知风格的塑造48

2.11本章小结49

3自我效能感52

3.1自我效能感与动机53

3.2自我效能感的评估57

3.3自我效能感与个人成就60

3.4自我效能感与人际关系62

3.5自我效能感与身心健康63

3.6自我效能感的来源65

3.7自我效能感的改善69

3.8本章小结72

4气质性乐观74

4.1气质性乐观是什么75

4.2气质性乐观的评估方式76

4.3气质性乐观与五因素人格79

4.4气质性乐观的认知偏好80

4.5气质性乐观与健康83

4.6气质性乐观与亲密关系86

4.7气质性乐观的负面效应87

4.8气质性乐观的来源89

4.9乐观可以改善吗91

4.10本章小结95

5希望97

5.1希望是什么97

5.2希望理论99

5.3希望的评估方式103

5.4希望、气质性乐观与自我效能感105

5.5希望是好东西,它到底好在哪里108

5.6希望的来源112

5.7塑造希望114

5.8本章小结119

6解释风格122

6.1习得性无助123

6.2归因理论的启示124

6.3修正后的习得性无助理论128

6.4解释风格的评估方式130

6.5解释风格与抑郁132

6.6解释风格与学业成就133

6.7解释风格与身体健康135

6.8解释风格的来源136

6.9解释风格的改变137

6.10本章小结138

7内隐理论141

7.1仍从习得性无助说起: 德韦克的新解释142

7.2实体论者和渐变论者的心理模型144

7.3内隐理论的测量与评估147

7.4智力内隐理论、目标和无助感150

7.5人格内隐理论和社会判断153

7.6兴趣内隐理论和“三分钟热度”156

7.7内隐理论的起源与改变159

7.8本章小结161

参考文献164


Introduction

《人格心理学:人性及其差异的研究》(中国社会科学出版社2005年版)一书出版后,我就开始酝酿一个计划,就是以此书的体系为框架,编写一套人格研究丛书。就是说此书尽管很厚,但就人格心理学这一丰富而宽泛的领域而言,仍然是概略性的。如果将每一章扩展成一本书,就可以讲得更明白而详实一些。但这个计划从酝酿到现在实现,已经十几年过去了。之所以如此“难产”,原因当然很多,其中最主要的是中青年作者队伍的形成。因为人格心理学虽然在西方是心理学的一个基础性领域,已经有了深厚的积累,但在中国,由于历史的原因,人格心理学一直是一个薄弱的分支。

在那个心理学即使被允许存在的年代,“人格”一词在相当长的时间里也是避免使用的。在普通心理学课程中,有关人格的内容讲的是气质和性格,更奇怪的是,把气质又归结为巴甫洛夫的神经活动类型,把性格归结为对人、对己、对集体、对社会的态度。这些内容与西方的普通心理学或心理学导论课程中的人格章节的内容几乎没有相同之处,是另外一套说辞。总之就是回避“人格”一词。直到现在,我也很难解释这件事,只能笼统地理解为“人格”大概属于“资产阶级的东西,姓资不姓社”。这种情况是“冷战”时代意识形态指导学术的一个很小的例证。20世纪80年代初期,由北京大学周先庚先生组织全国同行协作翻译的克雷奇(David Krech)等人编著的《心理学纲要》(文化教育出版社1981年版),涉及人格和心理健康的部分是没有被译出的,也就是说该书只是个节译本。这种情况直到80年代后期才有所改变,周先庚先生主持翻译的希尔加德(E. R. Hilgard)等人编著的《心理学导论》(北京大学出版社1987年版),就没有整章缺漏的情况了。

人格心理学在中国被视为一个独立的分支,具体而言就是在心理学专业课程体系中被作为一门课程,要比其他基础性分支晚得多。就教科书而言,高玉祥的《个性心理学》(北京师范大学出版社1989年版)和叶奕乾、孔克勤的《个性心理学》(华东师范大学出版社1993年版),是将动机和价值观,以及气质、性格和能力(智力)等都归在“个性”概念之下,将西方心理学中有关人格的知识纳入其中,将人格说成个性或者性格,总之是在“苏联心理学”的概念框架下吸收西方的人格心理学知识,但仍然尽量避免使用“人格”一词。

难能可贵的是,同样在那种背景之下,陈仲庚、张雨新的《人格心理学》(辽宁人民出版社1987年版)和叶奕乾的《人格心理学》(青海人民出版社1990年版)则是采用西方心理学的体系,以各大派别的人格理论为主线。黄希庭的《人格心理学》(台湾东华书局1998年版,浙江教育出版社2002年版)将这种体系加以整合完善。至此,中国的人格心理学教材在体系和内容上才与国际接轨。而此时,“冷战”早已结束,作为特殊话语体系的所谓“苏联心理学”也早就寿终正寝了。当然,单从学术本身而言,人格心理学是具有社会性和文化性的学科,不同国家、地区乃至学术机构和具体学者都可能有不同的理论或体系,但这与“冷战”背景下形成的美苏两大学术壁垒或阵营是两回事。

进入21世纪,人格心理学的教学和研究也发展到更高的水平。在黄希庭等教授的倡导下,2005年10月中国心理学会第九届第一次常务理事会决定成立人格心理学专业委员会。从此,人格心理学的发展进入新的阶段。在教育部颁布的《高等学校本科专业类教学质量国家标准》的心理学部分,人格心理学被规定为心理学类专业的核心知识领域。我有幸作为这些事件的参与者,见证了这一学科发展的若干个里程碑时刻。

尽管如此,整体而言,人格心理学的教学和研究人员一直很少,招收人格研究方向研究生的导师屈指可数。因此,某种意义上,我是在等待愿意并能够承担这套丛书写作任务的中青年学者队伍的形成。直到近五年,时机逐渐成熟了。一批以人格为研究方向的年轻学者成长起来,他们大体在2010年前后五年内获得博士学位并成为教学科研骨干。2015年,我觉得丛书编写的计划可以付诸实施了,于是在上海教育出版社谢冬华先生的积极推动下,丛书写作任务开始落实。

丛书的选题依据基本上是以我在本文开始所言的那本书为蓝本,每一章扩展成一本书。为此,这里简要回顾一下那本书的框架。我当年在自序中说:

本书试图较系统地总结人格心理学的主要理论和问题研究成果,特别是体现这一领域从理论流派的纷争到深入的问题研究这一重大转向。我将主要以1990年代以来的文献为依据,以人格心理学的理论和实证研究成果为基础,整合人格心理学领域的最新研究成果,进而打通各理论派别间的界限,沟通各个研究主题间的联系,将已有的理论和实证研究成果整合到一种新的架构中,使人格心理学的知识体系接近历史与逻辑相统一的标准。

那本书包括六部分:第一部分探讨人格的概念及人格心理学的对象、任务、方法和历史,回顾传统的人格理论。在本丛书中,《人格理论》和《人格研究方法》就属于这一部分。

第二部分探讨人格的形成与发展,分别探讨生物学条件(生理、遗传、进化)和社会文化条件,以及发展历程(年龄阶段)和机制(天性与教养的相互作用)。在本丛书中,包括《人格的生理学维度》《人格的遗传学解释》《进化人格心理学》《人格与社会》《人格与文化》和《人格的毕生发展》。

第三部分是人格的整体功能研究,包括认知、情绪、动机和自我,即信息的获取与处理、情绪的反应与适应、行为的动力与目标,以及自我的统合与完善。在本丛书中,包括《人格与认知》《人格与情绪》《动机与目标》《自我调节》和《自我》。

第四部分是人格的具体功能研究,分别探讨潜意识、攻击、利他、人格与健康。在本丛书中,包括《人格与健康》《人格障碍》《人格中的恶》《利他主义》《人格与道德》和《人格与创造》。这部分与那本书的章目不完全对应,其间虽有内容上的重叠交叉,但每本书都围绕一个专题展开,各自有其独立成篇的合理性。

第五部分是人格的群体差异研究,包括性别差异和文化差异这两个最大的群体差异。在本丛书中,包括《性别与人格》和《中国人的人格》。

第六部分是总结性的,探讨人格测评的理论和方法,并在最后一章探讨人格理论中的人性观、人格理论分歧的维度、人格研究的方法论问题,以及人格心理学的未来走向。在本丛书中,有《人格评鉴》。

这里列的书目是迄今为止已经明确任务的,随着工作的进展,可能会有个别变动,有的可能因为各种原因不能如期完成,有的专题这里没有提及,但内容很好又有合适的作者,可能会新加入进来。但这些变动不会改变这个大的框架。定稿后的书名可能有变化,但内容基本就是这些。

人格心理学是一个丰富、有趣又富于挑战性的领域。我们期待这套丛书能够较完整地展现这一学科的面貌,也期待有更多的年轻人进入这一研究行列。当然,也期待着读者坦率地指出丛书编撰中存在的问题甚至错误。


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