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Jingdong book

尼采与形而上学

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Books Philosophy / Religion Western philosophy

Jingdong book

尼采与形而上学

Name: 尼采与形而上学
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 4123000931
Price: 32.93 USD
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哲学家周国平对尼采哲学的系统研究，国内尼采研究的扛鼎之作，获中国社科院学术成果奖。

优美晓畅，阐述尼采重要的哲学贡献——对西方传统形而上学的批判和重建。

20世纪以降，西方哲学的基本趋向是否弃以柏拉图的世界二分模式为特征的传统形而上学。尼采早对传统形而上学进行了全面的批判，他以透视主义认识论为武QI，对西方传统形而上学展开了全面批判，并在此基础上提出了他对世界的新解释。

兼具学术性和通识性，犀利批判现代文明的病症， “读到这些内容，我们会觉得尼采仿佛是生活在今天的时代似的”。

现代人既失去了旧的信仰，又无能创造新的信仰，这才真正陷入可怕的的信仰危机。灵魂和肉体的双重退化，精神的空虚和本能的颓废交并作用，便是现代文明的症结。

中国社科院汝信、贺麟、杨一之、叶秀山、熊伟、冯至等学者，给予高度好评。

本书是一本学术著作，但并不难读。在不损害内容的前提下，尽可能把学术著作写得明白通畅，我认为是一种好的趣味。——周国平

海报：

Content Description

本书是哲学家周国平对尼采思想的系统研究。作者围绕尼采对西方传统形而上学的批判与重建，梳理了尼采哲学中的几个重要问题：积极虚无主义、透视主义、哲学研究的语言意识、强力意志与永恒轮回，等等。不同于《尼采：在世纪的转折点上》对尼采的诗意解读，本书真正深入到了尼采的问题思路之中，用优美晓畅的语言，注解了尼采ZUI重要的哲学贡献——尼采以透视主义认识论为主要WU器，对西方传统形而上学展开了全面批判，并在此基础上提出了他对世界的新解释。借此我们看到，在西方哲学由传统形而上学向现代哲学转向中，尼采哲学的重要意义。

Author Description

周国平

当代学者、作家。1945年生于上海。1967年毕业于北京大学哲学系，1981年毕业于中国社会科学院哲学系，现为中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员。

著有学术专著《尼采：在世纪的转折点上》《尼采与形而上学》，散文集《爱与孤独》《灵魂只能独行》《只有一个人生》《何以滋养灵魂》等，纪实作品《妞妞：一个父亲的札记》《岁月与性情：我的心灵自传》《宝贝，宝贝》等。译著有《悲剧的诞生》《偶像的黄昏或怎样用锤子从事哲学思考》等。

Book Abstract

◎ 金句

一个人可以在多大程度上忍受住在一个无意义的世界上生活，这是意志力的一个尺度。不害怕无价值的事同样可能是心灵的伟大。

“一切皆虚妄!一切皆允许！”

既然“一切皆虚妄”，一切目的和意义都是人自己设立的，那么，他就获得了“一切皆允许”的彻底自由，既可以自己给自己一个目的，也可以暂时什么目的也不给，满足于无目的和无意义。

世界的价值存在于我们的解释中，迄今为止的解释都是透视的评价，我们借之而在生命中，即在求强力、求生长的意志中自我保存。人的每一提高都导致对较狭隘的解释的克服。

一切简单的东西都纯属虚构，都不是“真的”。相反，现实的、真的东西都既不是一，也不能哪怕仅仅还原为一。

无论我们外部的世界，还是我们内心的世界，都是生成之流，事件的复合体，原则上是不可言说的。一落言诠，便势必受制于语言之网，被“主语—谓语—宾语”的模式切割成一些质块及其相互作用。这中间潜伏着形而上学虚构的危险，诱使人们视生成为假象，而在其后设置不变的实体。

人把他的冲动投影为真理，把他的一定感官中的“目的”向身外投影为存在着的世界，形而上世界，“自在之物”，业已存在的世界。他的需要作为动力业已虚构了这个供他工作的世界；他事先接受了它；这种事先接受是他的支柱。

实证主义一笔抹杀价值问题的存在，悲观主义全盘否定世界的价值，均是虚无主义走向成熟的标记。但是，到此为止，在一切形而上学中充当最高价值的道德仍未受到真正的挑战。所以尼采认为，它们都不是彻底的虚无主义。实证主义是在回避虚无主义的最后结论。“悲观主义是虚无主义的前形式（Vorform）。”唯有当尼采本人对道德本身加以否定，提出一切价值的重估之时，虚无主义才获得了其最后的、彻底的形式。

意识只是总体生命中的个别情形和一小片断，与生命相比，它只是手段，不能作为价值出发点和最高价值尺度。如果把意识设置为最高价值，乃至想象宇宙的目的是“精神”“上帝”之类的总体意识，就会使生命受到审判。

◎ 内文选摘

现代的双重阴影

在尼采看来，“上帝”成为最高价值，乃是一种僭越，一种颠倒。他说：“当我们谈论价值，我们是在生命的鼓舞之下、在生命的光学之下谈论的：生命本身迫使我们建立价值；当我们建立价值，生命本身通过我们进行评价。”因此，真正有资格充当最高价值的是生命，而“‘上帝’概念是对生命的最大异议”，它本身即意味着最高价值丧失价值，是本真意义上的虚无主义。就是在这一层含义上，尼采把基督教、佛教、柏拉图哲学、全部唯心主义均称作虚无主义。这一含义的虚无主义，与尼采常常谈到的“颓废”同义。

尼采说：“最使我竭思殚虑的问题，事实上就是颓废问题”。 “一步步颓废下去”，“这是我给现代‘进步’下的定义”。所谓颓废，就是指“蜕化的本能带着隐秘的复仇欲转而反对生命”，就是指“不得不与本能进行斗争”。尼采把以往的哲学、道德和宗教都归入这一含义的虚无主义范围，称之为“人的颓废形式”。

现代处在这双重虚无主义的阴影之下。一方面，上帝死了，信仰危机的阴影笼罩着欧洲。另一方面，上帝死得不彻底，它的“影子”即传统道德犹在，继续反对生命本能，导致颓废。信仰的沦丧和本能的衰竭是一种现代并发症，病根则是旧形而上学和基督教的信仰。问题的严重性在于，它们的虚妄不仅预先注定了后来的信仰沦丧，而且，由于它们长期压制人的生命本能，使精神创造力的这个根本源泉趋于枯竭了。现代人既失去了旧的信仰，又无能创造新的信仰，这才真正陷入了可怕的信仰危机。灵魂和肉体双重退化，精神的空虚和本能的颓废交并作用，便是现代文明的症结。尼采牢牢把握住这个症结，对现代西方人的精神生活现象和文化现象进行了深刻的剖析。

内在的紧张和外在的匆忙。在谈及虚无主义的预兆时，尼采写道：“我们整个欧洲文化长久以来就已经因为一种按年代增长的紧张状态的折磨而动荡，犹如大难临头，狂躁不安，惶惶不可终日；像一条激流，一心奔向尽头，不复沉思，而且害怕沉思。”“猥琐、敏感、不安、匆忙、聚众起哄的景况愈演愈烈，——这整个纷乱状况的现代化，所谓‘文明’，愈来愈轻浮，个人面对这巨大机构灰心丧气，只好屈服。”失去信仰的现代人急切地投身喧嚣的世俗生活，试图用勤勉的劳作麻痹内心的不安，松弛精神的紧张。他们行色匆匆地穿过闹市，手里拿着表思想，吃饭时眼睛盯着商业新闻，分秒必争，却不再关心永恒。这种现代式的匆忙原是失去信仰者精神空虚的表现，反过来又加剧了无信仰状态。“现代那种喧嚣的、耗尽时间的、愚蠢地自鸣得意的勤劳，比任何别的东西更加使人变得‘没有信仰’。”尼采反对基督教，但主张人应当过一种“真正的宗教生活”，即有信仰的沉思生活，可是匆忙的世俗生活已经剥夺了为此所必需的闲暇。他发现，没有信仰的人，大多是那些“被世代相继的勤劳消磨了宗教本能的人，他们甚至不再知道宗教有何用处，只是带着一种迟钝的惊愕神情把他们的存在在世上注了册。这班老实人，他们感到自己已经完全被占有，无论是被他们的职业占有，或是被他们的娱乐占有，更不用提被‘祖国’、时代以及‘家庭义务’占有了。”

个性的丧失和灵魂的平庸。随着资本主义的机器和商业文明取代中世纪的基督教文明，欧洲社会出现了尼采所说的“非精神化”趋势。尼采对于技术统治人的后果极为警惕，他警告说：“印刷、机器、铁路、电报是机器时代的前提，还没有人敢于由之引出贯穿数千年的结论。”他一再指出，机器剥夺了人的个性：“它把许多人变成一部机器，又把每个人变成达到某个目的的工具”；“它制造平庸和单调”；“它是无个性的，使一件工作丧失了自己的骄傲，自己特有的优缺点，——因而也丧失了自己的一点儿人性”，结果，“我们现在似乎只是生活在无名无姓的、无个性的奴隶制度下”。与此同时，商人成了“支配现代人类心灵的力量”，商业成了“文化的灵魂”，市场价值决定了也抹杀了一切精神事物的价值。于是，报刊支配社会，记者取代天才，艺术沦为茶余饭后的谈资。人的机器化和文化的商业化使得大平庸成为时代的危险。

……

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