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Jingdong book

日本思想全史

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Books Philosophy / Religion History of Philosophy

Jingdong book

日本思想全史

Name: 日本思想全史
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 4123000991
Price: 32.83 USD
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l 纪伊国屋2015本屋大赏读者票选人文书。

l 首部涵盖日本思想史全貌的通史著作。

l 日本高校思想史研究教材，具有权威性。

l 从遣唐使到朱熹、王阳明，日本一直被中国文化深刻地影响着。但是在近代“黑船来航”后，日本却选择接受西方文化，实施明治维新，迅速崛起。日本是如何选择接受西方思想，进而成为发达国家的？“菊与刀”的定义准确吗？本书对这一过程进行了分析和探讨。

l 从一直受外来文化影响，到日本文化（动漫、游戏、文学）输出、影响全世界。日本是怎么做到这一点的？读《日本思想全史》，理解日本人，读懂日本。

Content Description

纪伊国屋2015本屋大赏读者票选人文书

从遣唐使到黑船来航，再到明治维新。日本始终处于对外来文化的接受和选择之中。日本有自己的思想史吗？或者“日本思想史无通史”？（丸山真男语）

为回答这个问题，日本思想史学者清水正之梳理日本各个时期的思想家、流派、代表作品，从古代到现代，全面了解这个国家的思维方式。

本书在作者为日本放送大学授课的教材基础之上编写而成，具有权威性。

Catalogue

前言······················ ··1

第一章古代·····················7

第二章中世·····················77

第三章近世·····················127

第四章近代·····················209

第五章现代·····················277

结语/后记/参考文献/日本思想史年表

Book Abstract

物语的成立

假名文学的确定促进了“ 物语” 这一形式的繁荣。《源氏物语》绘合卷中如此评价《竹取物语》：“ 物语始自竹取翁。” 可见《竹取物语》是现存最早的创作物语。随着《源氏物语》的出现，创作物语登上又一个高峰。《源氏物语》作为享誉世界的宏大作品，由三部分构成，前、中部分以光源氏为主人公，后半部分笔锋急转，讲述了光源氏的正妻出轨而所生之子薰的故事（这部分又称《宇治十帖》）。光源氏年幼丧母，爱上了其父桐壶天皇美貌的皇后——藤壶。这段恋情的结果有了东宫的出生，对整个故事的发展产生了极大影响。此后光源氏与众多女性的交往，也正是由于这件事，或者说是光源氏这种不得已的“ 宿命” 因果。这种将人身不由己的倾向及界限视为佛教前世因果的观点，在后半段的描述中体现得尤为深刻。

《源氏物语》不直接描绘贵族社会政治的黑暗，而是将重心放在光源氏与女性的交往上，为四季的流转以及人的风貌、举动与心境配以适当的和歌赠答，以纤细的笔触进行刻画。后世的本居宣长因这种纤细的笔触，认为通过《源氏物语》“可知物哀”。《源氏物语》的这一本质深刻影响了本居宣长。他试图尽量不带佛教色彩去理解《源氏物语》，但其实这部作品已深深染上佛教的世界观，这一点需切记。主人公光源氏的出生、成长对其日后的影响，正是一部因果物语。

《源氏物语》的作者紫式部也意识到了这是一部“ 创作” 物语。同样出自紫式部之手的《紫式部日记》则通过在宫中服侍的女官之眼，切身描绘了所参与的社会及这一社会中生活的女性，作者的感性也表现得淋漓尽致。

贵族的生活与思想——从《紫式部日记》谈起

我们通过紫式部的日记（记载了1008—1010 年的事迹），可知教科书中所写的“ 密教已流于表面而式微” 这句话的含义。如前所述，天台宗与真言宗均“ 密教” 化，据此进行的活动、加持祈祷等，给了平安贵族的生活以重大影响。密教的行事方式从国家级活动开始扩展至个人活动，如祈祷升迁等涉及现世利益之事。

紫式部作为《源氏物语》的作者声名显赫，她还是服侍一条天皇的皇后——中宫彰子的女官。中宫彰子之父为藤原道长。紫式部日记的大部分都与中宫彰子生产皇子有关。

开头描写了九月十日黎明之事：

十日，拂晓之时，御所物品已悉数换成净白模样。中宫移步白御帐( 贵人寝所。两席大小，四周挂有帷帐)。道长大人、几位公子及四品五品的官人们慌忙为帐台挂起绢绸，来来往往搬运褥垫，甚是喧嚣。

这个场景之后的描述十分耐人寻味。彰子在床上坐卧不安，她的身边是为“ 使恶灵附体于下人” 的念咒声，源源不断。为驱除附在中宫身上的妨碍生产的恶灵，“ 数月来被请入宫邸” 的，除了高僧，“ 山山寺寺” 有业力的修行者及“ 世间所有” 阴阳师都被请来击退恶灵。此外，南边的房间里还有高贵的僧正、僧都重重围坐，发出祈愿之声。同时不断往寺庙里派遣“ 御诵经” 的使者。

这样喧闹的生产场景，也可以说是当时佛教作用的体现。若所生为皇子，则将来成为天皇的希望很大，这关系到藤原道长的荣华是否屹立不倒，因此生产这一场景十分重要。所以才每次动员众多佛僧、阴阳师来祈福。从各种文学作品中都可见贵族的迷信之深，他们心里想的其实完全是自己的荣华富贵。

与紫式部同期，学识丰富、声名鹊起的是清少纳言。清少纳言服侍一条天皇的另一皇后——定子。但是，自彰子为一条天皇诞下皇子之后，紫式部与清少纳言的命运就彻底不同了。

自负、忧愁、踌躇

下面继续来看《紫式部日记》的内容，主要看一下紫式部作为一名女官的心境。接下来记述的是一条天皇首次来见刚出生的皇子，将要行至道长的土御门邸前的场景：

天皇行幸之日将近，殿下准备也几近完美：遍寻世间珍奇菊花栽下，园中种满了一点点变色的白菊、盛开中的黄菊等各式菊花。趁朝雾初散放眼望去，不知为何，竟有迟暮之感。

紫式部看到为迎接天皇行幸而收集世间珍贵菊花栽种的美好景象，心情却急转直下，想着自己若能够无忧一身轻，那该也可以轻松风流地度过这无常的一世吧。而自己每每看到、听到美好有趣之事，总是容易往忧思而去，徒增叹息。“ 多思无益，罪孽深重。” 如此茫然望着水面上自由自在的水鸟，紫式部赋歌一首：

水鸟水上游，庸人庸世忧。将人比水鸟，浮世亦多愁。

那么紫式部自称自己处境“ 罪孽深重” ，到底是为何呢？紫式部乃十分优秀的女官，因其教养多识而负责接待贵客，承担着外交作用。在对美的感受和审美意识上，更可以看出她不落人后的自负。《源氏物语》曾有“ 才” 与“ 大和魂” 的对比（《少女》卷），“ 才” 为汉学方面的修养，与此相对，“ 大和魂” 为处理日常、实务的智慧才能。在这层意义上，紫式部可谓“ 才” “ 魂” 兼备。其不凡的自负之心也有迹可循，从其对竞争对手清少纳言的批判可见一斑。

清少纳言是那种满脸自信之人。装作学富五车的样子，到处乱写汉字，可是仔细一推敲，仍有许多不足之处。

不过毕竟对女性而言，宫中还有生存艰难的一面。日记中有体现女性论的地方。紫式部说道，必须尽量低调。稍有高调之处，如果其人性直率，还情有可原；一旦被其他人视为眼中钉，则背影都会被人议论。可见宫中同僚对女官批判之尖锐。

净土信仰的产生

我们留意到了紫式部提到的“ 罪” 字。究竟是什么牵引着她，接下来将究明这一点。那是对当时逐渐发展的净土信仰的倾斜。据记载，紫式部的父亲曾教紫式部之兄汉籍，而其兄记忆力很差，于是父亲感慨，紫式部要是男孩就好了。可见紫式部才华横溢，拥有万事手到擒来的能力与自负。与此同时，自己心里又深深觉得现在的处境并非自己应在之处，却又没有直接信仰阿弥陀。紫式部直率地写道，在现世生活与自己的信仰之间摇摆不定，而自己又安于这种摇摆之中。

“我对红尘已无丝毫留恋之心。若出家修行，定当不会有丝毫懈怠” 。但是，“ 在我出家之后，到乘上来迎的祥云之前（阿弥陀前来迎接之前），说不定会内心有所动摇。因此才安于这种心情的摇摆之中。”

紫式部因这种优柔寡断而称自己为“ 罪孽深重之人” ，认为这是自己前世的宿命导致了现在的局限。

如此，从紫式部的日记中，我们可以看到旧佛教已无缘个人的救赎，而此时出现的净土信仰捕获了贵族的心，自然弥补了这一空缺。

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