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Jingdong book

引力波:探索宇宙奥秘的时空涟漪

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Jingdong book

引力波:探索宇宙奥秘的时空涟漪

Name: 引力波:探索宇宙奥秘的时空涟漪
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 4136163611
Price: 33.58 USD
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自从爱因斯坦在 1916 年预测了引力波以来，人们意识到了引力波存在的可能性。尽管存在着来自局部震源的干扰问题，以及为确定引力波所需的具有极高灵敏度的仪器的难题，但物理学家们自20世纪60年代以来就一直致力于引力波探测，为的就是突破人类技术和探索宇宙奥秘的能力极限。当然，这远不止“证明爱因斯坦是对的”这么简单，这代表着一个天文学全新的分支正在被建立起来。未来，它可能会带来更多的发现，并有能力检验迄今为止都无法被证实或否认的理论。

《引力波 : 探索宇宙奥秘的时空涟漪》（“微百科系列·第二季”）一书全面介绍了当代物理学的前沿课题、破解宇宙时空奥秘的新途径——引力波，从引力波概念的提出、探测设备的发明，到LOGO项目的规划、组织、实施和探测成果，全景展现了科学家们在漫长且充满波折的探索历程中的不懈求索精神，突显了引力波天文学革新天文科学研究的广阔前景。

Author Description

布赖恩·克莱格（Brian Clegg），知名科普作家，毕业于剑桥大学物理系，撰写了多本畅销科普图书，主题涵盖宇宙学、无穷问题、量子理论等，如《宇宙大爆炸之前》《构造时间机器》《万有引力》《量子纠缠》。他的《无穷简史》《骰子世界》均入围英国皇家学会科学图书奖。他还是《自然》《卫报》《物理世界》等刊物的专栏作家、专题评论员。

Catalogue

大事记

1发现引力波

2什么是波？

3爱因斯坦的宝贝

4引力波挑战

5中子星之舞

6魔镜

7虚假的希望

8了不起的引力波

9展望未来

拓展阅读

Book Abstract

重大科学项目的科研人员有时会获得公众的盛赞。当实时科学运行数据公布并被同行科学家仔细验证后，这些科研人员费尽心力和时间取得的成果就会转化为公共财富，被世界各国媒体竞相报道。但是在2015 年 9 月 14 日以前，LIGO团队，也就是激光干涉仪引力波天文台的科研人员，从未有这样的期望，没人想到50年来毫无成果的工作即将以一种意想不到的方式得到回报。

这项大规模的 LIGO 实验覆盖了美国两个广阔的站点，并得到了世界各地 1000 多名科学家的支持，目前正在进行一项工程运行。这是引力波天文台几天后投入运行前的例行技术测试。这是第八个也是最后一个微调周期，之后事情才会变得有趣。在美国东部标准时间上午 7 点左右——正是英国时间的正午——第一封电子邮件已经发送给了感兴趣的各方，这标志着天文学自引入望远镜以来最大的变化的开始。

这一天，我们对宇宙的认识实现了飞跃。

把 LIGO 称为天文台似乎过于轻描淡写了，但实际上它却是如此。LIGO 包括两个相距 3000 千米（约1865 英里）的巨大场地，这两个近乎相同的设施，一个在路易斯安那州的利文斯顿，另一个在华盛顿州的汉福德。两个场地都有一对 4 千米（约 2.5英里）长的管子，直径 1.2 米，彼此成直角形成 L 形，激光沿着这对管子通过，在光束聚集形成光学干涉图样之前，多次被端部的镜子反射形成一组微小的干涉条纹，干涉条纹边缘极其微小的变化都可以被观察到。光束长度最微小的变化也将会被探测到，而这种变化应是在存在引力波的情况下发生的。1916 年，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾预测过空间和时间结构中的涟漪，但从未被检测到。

这两个巨大的孪生系统，包括那些 4 千米长的金属管，其中几乎没有空气。空气分子的振动会散射激光束，将“噪声”引入监测的信号中。任何声音振动和气流冲击对悬挂于管端部的反射镜而言，都会影响其反射激光束。这些管道内的压力是大气层的万亿分之一，这需要连续抽气 40 天，在此期间，管道需要加热到150 ℃以上才能从金属表面排出尽可能多的气体。

仅仅是为抽空管道做好准备就花了极大的心思，在美国偏远地区安置精密设备也有很大的难度。这些管道很大，需要较长的时间建造，在此期间当地的野生动物都在此安了家。在利文斯顿当一位工作人员走过几近完工的管道时，他在管道内发现了黄蜂、黑寡妇蜘蛛、老鼠和蛇。这意味着它们含酸的尿液会在纯净的不锈钢上留下污点，当空气被抽干时，这些污渍会释放出蒸气，在管道实现真空环境之前需要进行大量的清洁工作（一旦涉及酸，“不锈钢”就不会再“不锈”）。

尽管操作管内真空度很高，但它们的金属壁只有 3 毫米厚。如果没有沿着操作管设置的密集加强环，外部气压就会压碎它们。每根管子的外部都是用混凝土包裹住的，这样做不是为了做真空防护，而是为了缓冲外部冲击。这就好比一辆警车在夜间撞上汉福德天文台的一根管子，司机手臂骨折，但管子却完好无损。若空气涌入受损的管子中后果将是灾难性的，由此产生的空气爆炸会摧毁大部分探测系统，造成价值数百万美元的损失。

由于长臂延伸出较长的距离，它们的支撑物必须随其长度逐渐增加高度以适应地球的曲率。从其一端到另一端有超过一米的高度差，人们需要保持管子完全笔直。而这只是确保探测器正常工作要考虑的一个小问题，另一个更大的问题是振动。为了应对环境中不可避免的振动，LIGO 拥有一整套的实时反馈系统，用于监控各个部件的位置，并对机臂和其他部件进行微小的调整来应对变化。该系统可实现每分钟监控位置 983000 次，平均每 0.000061 秒一次。“隔震平台”处理的振动是比 LIGO 日常检测到的波级大 100 万倍左右的较大振动。其他的防震措施是通过悬挂系统实现的，这些悬挂系统用于防止 LIGO 的反射镜由于引力波以外的原因而移动。它们使用四个独立的钟摆悬架来抑制晃动，将镜子悬挂在只有人类头发直径两倍的玻璃纤维上，保持 40 千克的“测试质量”——反射镜，尽可能的稳定。

……

路易斯安那州和华盛顿州的LIGO天文台在观测过程中一共要收集100000个数据通道的信息。收集的信息流既包括直接观测到的管内激光干扰数据，也包括关于反射镜、真空管的状态和周围环境的详细环境数据。地震仪也加入其中，以确保地球的任何物理振动都可以被中和，这使得科学家能够最大限度地消除不必要的噪声和干扰，专注在实际信号上。

……

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