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《超弦论》→《超空间》→《平行宇宙》

弦理论创始人加来道雄,“高维与超弦”诠释宇宙终极理论 !

大爆炸之前,时间之初,超对称与超力,统一宇宙力!

中国科学院,物理学教授,伍义生倾力奉献。8位诺贝尔奖获得者,11位天文学家,31位物理学家联合推荐

超弦理论——终极宇宙理论?

超弦理论,统一相对论和量子论,统一四种基本力!

“超弦论”,“超弦理论”简写,弦理论之一,一种引入了超对称的弦论。

超弦理论,用弦的分裂和结合以及超对称性,回答爱因斯坦的困惑,解决相对论与量子论的矛盾,解释自然界的一切力的统一,即终极宇宙理论。

《超弦论》为著名理论物理学家,弦理论创始人,科普作家,加来道雄撰写。作者加来道雄论述了超弦理论的诞生、发展以及理论构架,解释了它为何能成为量子理论和广义相对论之后的革命性理论。

作者加来道雄提出了超力、超对称、宇宙弦的概念。大爆炸之前,高温环境下的超力统一了宇宙四种基本力,且当时的宇宙超对称,这也是超弦理论的*属性。同时,作者用宇宙弦的概念解释了大爆炸之后,星系如何聚集成巨大的星系团,并在大爆炸后的30万年时间以外推或内吸的方式让物质聚集,形成了不规则的不均匀的今日的宇宙。

理解超弦理论,必须先理解弦与超弦。为解决这个问题,作者为我们详细解释了高维概念,即额外的维度,第五维以及更高维。加来道雄用平实的语言、清晰的线条图、易懂的案例,为读者勾勒出了高维景象,畅想了维度旅行、镜像宇宙的可能,为平行宇宙理论打下了物理基础。

综上,《超弦论》是一部学术性较高的科普作品,也是一部易于读者阅读的科普作品,值得热爱科学的读者阅读。

Content Description

弦理论的创始人之一,畅销科普书《平行宇宙》作家,加来道雄教授为我们权威解读“超弦理论”。作者分析了超弦理论的诞生、定义以及它的重要意义。这项革命性的突破极可能将爱因斯坦的毕生梦想“万物理论”变为现实。

《超弦论》核心论点:

统一场论与量子力学的矛盾?牛顿的引力理论如何被超弦理论统一?

超弦理论解决了S矩阵理论和量子场论存在的对立。

超弦理论解决了GUT的烦恼,弦的存在解决了增殖夸克问题。

时间之初,温度极高,那时的宇宙超对称。

如果原始恒星足够大,大重力将导致中子相互挤压,最终挤压至一个无穷小的点——黑洞的权威解释。

超弦理论能计算广义相对论的量子修正,得出虫洞(爱因斯坦-罗森桥)解,实现维度旅行。

超弦理论预测宇宙灾难——如存在一个能量状态更低的宇宙,发生量子跃迁,所有已知物理定律将完全改变(物质总试图寻找能量更低的状态)。

超弦理论解释了大爆炸之前发生了什么——十维宇宙破裂为更低能级宇宙,四维宇宙(膨胀)和六维宇宙(卷曲)。

超弦理论结合量子力学解释了困扰爱因斯坦30年的难题——第五维度为何卷曲,而其他维度可延伸至无穷远(高维卷曲问题)。

超弦理论带领我们理解高维——高维生物可容易地可视化低维对象,低维生物只能看见高维对象的截面或阴影。

麦克斯韦将电和磁统一为电磁力,超弦理论实现了强力、弱力、电磁力、引力的全统一。


Author Description

加来道雄,美籍日裔物理学家。加来道雄毕业于美国哈佛大学,并获得了伯克利加利福尼亚大学的博士学位。目前为纽约城市大学理论物理学教授,曾任普林斯顿大学高等研究院和纽约大学客座教授。他是弦理论创始人之一,著有畅销科普书《平行宇宙》《超空间》《物理学的未来》《心灵的未来》等。他主持过BBC多档电视科普特别节目,长期主持美国国家科学广播节目。文章刊载于《华尔街日报》《时代周刊》《科学美国人》等,目前是哥伦比亚广播公司电视节目科学内容撰稿人。

詹妮弗·汤普森,美国物理学家,他与加来道雄曾合著过畅销科普书《核能》。

译者简介:

伍义生,原中国科学院力学研究所研究员。荷兰代尔夫特理工大学、德国宇航研究院材料所、澳大利亚悉尼大学客座教授。中国科学院翻译协会理事、中国翻译协会资深翻译。译著《平行宇宙》《超空间》《超弦论》《物理学的未来》《心灵的未来》《量子宇宙》《终极理论》《玻尔与爱因斯坦大论战》。


Comments

Advance Praise for Beyond Einstein

《超弦论》一书的发行评语

他知道如何使科学变得有趣。

——《费城询问报》(The Philadelphia Inquirer)

加来道雄对超弦理论原理的探索清晰且生动,像史蒂芬·霍金那样发人深省。

——《科克斯书评》(Kirkus Reviews)

加来道雄凭借自己清醒且耐心的风格,用诀窍将最空灵的想法付诸实践。

——《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street Journal)

他的科学观点超出了这个世界。

——《洛杉矶时报》(Los Angeles Times)


Catalogue

目录

000 □致谢

000 □引言

000 □第一部分 宇宙理论

000 □1 超弦:万物理论

000 □2 寻求统一

000 □3 量子谜题

000 □4 无穷大之谜

000 □5 寻找顶夸克

000 □第二部分 超对称和超弦

000 □6 超弦理论的诞生

000 □7 对称性:缺失的一个环节

000 □8 超对称

000 □第三部分 超出四维

000 □9 大爆炸之前

000 □10 暗物质的神秘

000 □11 宇宙弦

000 □12 通往另一个维度的旅程

000 □13 回到未来

000 □14 超越爱因斯坦


Book Abstract

引言

加来道雄撰写本书的想法应追溯到20世纪50年代,那时,他还是一个在加利福利亚成长的孩子,第一次听到统一场论。

加来道雄在小学4年级时,听到一位名为阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的伟大科学家去世的消息。他知道,爱因斯坦一生中发现了很多伟大的东西使他获得了世界赞誉,但直至死前也仍未能完成他的伟大著作。加来道雄被这个故事迷住了。

这个孩子推理,如果爱因斯坦果真如此伟大,那么,他未完成的工作一定很棒——那一定是他杰出的职业生涯中的最高成就。

加来道雄出于好奇,梳理了帕洛阿尔托图书馆,试图发现更多与统一场论相关的信息,但他未找到任何书籍或者关于这个主题的文章。他找到了一些与量子力学相关的大学课本,但8岁的加来道雄几乎不能理解。此外,那些课本也并未提及统一场论。

于是,加来道雄找了他的老师,老师并未给他答案。后来,他遇到物理学家,当他问及爱因斯坦最后的这个理论时,对方也只是耸耸肩膀。多数物理学家认为,相信那个人能联合宇宙中的四种力还为时过早,或者是自以为是。

几年后,当加来道雄研究弦理论时(作为一种强相互作用理论提出),他也心存疑虑,认为对统一场论的探索也许只是一场疯狂的追逐。20世纪70年代,物理学家约翰·施瓦茨(John Schwarz)和乔尔·舍尔克(Joel Scherk)提出这种弦理论的一个复杂版本也许是传说中的爱因斯坦和其他物理学家未曾想到到的统一场论的观点时,没有一位物理学家认真考虑。

最后, 1984年,该理论似乎取得了戏剧性的突破,似乎解决了问题。就像施瓦茨和舍尔克早在几年前的预测,“超弦”似乎是统一场论最合适的(也是唯一的)候选理论。

尽管该理论的细节仍在研究中,但很明显这个发现将动摇物理世界。加来道雄和詹妮弗·汤普森已合著了《核能:两个方面》一书,双方的再次合作似乎很自然,并回答了30年前就让加来道雄着迷的问题——什么是统一场论?

我们共同努力撰写本书,作为对好奇外行的一个指南。我们想写一本涵盖“超弦革命”的书,其洞察力和范围通常只有内行人士才能提供,并以生动的和富有有益信息的方式呈现主题。我们认为,一个理论物理学家与一名作家的综合经验,将使这方面做得更好。

我们想提供物理学世界更全面的信息,在过去300年的科学背景下展示超弦理论。许多书论述了现代物理学的一个方面(无论是相对论、量子力学还是宇宙学),但却忽略了更大范围的物理学。《超弦论》则不同,我们关注的绝非孤立的研究领域,而是物理的整个范围,指出每个特定的理论在整个物理学的位置。统一场论与量子力学有什么关系?牛顿的引力理论如何用于超弦理论?你可以在《超弦论》一书找到这些问题的答案。

本书,我们强调了超弦理论如何给出一个物质的统一描述。我们重点关注亚原子粒子性质的多样性,如夸克、轻子、杨-米尔斯粒子、胶子……以及它们怎样被视为超弦的不同振动。加来道雄在另外一本作品《超空间》中还谈及于空间和时间的性质,特别是平行宇宙、时间扭曲的可能性和第十维度。

我们为物理学的新突破而激动,我们希望《超弦论》既权威又有趣。简言之,希望它成为加来道雄年轻时就喜欢读的一本书。

加来道雄,纽约,纽约州

詹妮弗·汤普森,威廉斯敦,马萨诸塞州


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