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图灵程序设计丛书:学习R

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《图灵程序设计丛书:学习R》讲解如何使用R语言及其软件环境分析数据,即使没有编程经验也能看懂。通过这本实用教程,你可以轻松掌握如何使用必要的R工具来分析数据,同时掌握相关数据类型和通用的编程概念。
《图灵程序设计丛书:学习R》后半部分会讲到数据分析的各种实际应用,涵盖导入数据和发布结果。另外,值得一提的是,本书每一章都会结合所讲内容提供精心编制的小测试和练习题,需要编写R代码完成,从而巩固所学的知识。

Content Description

《图灵程序设计丛书:学习R》分为上下两部分,旨在指导你如何使用R,并提供练习的机会。上半部分主要介绍R的技术细节和使用技巧。每章都简要介绍了一组不同的数据类型(例如第4章介绍向量、矩阵和数组)或概念(例如第8章介绍分支和循环)。下半部分更侧重实践,展示了从输入数据到发布结果这一标准的数据分析流程。
即使你没有任何编程基础,也能顺利阅读《学习R》。

Author Description

Richard Cotton,是一位通晓化学安全及健康的数据科学家,开发过很多能让非专业用户访问统计模型的工具。他开发了很多R包,如assertive(用于检查变量的状态)和sig(用于确保功能具有合理的API)。他也是The Damned Liars公司的统计学顾问。

Comments

“R图书大家庭迎来了一位清新、不落俗套、风趣幽默的新成员。阅读本书是十足的享受,令我大开眼界。”
——John Verzani,纽约州立大学/斯坦顿大学


“这本书读起来感觉棒极了,示例完整清晰,内容通俗易懂,是目前市面上介绍R核心组件最优秀的图书之一。”
——Rebecca Smith,TDX公司分析经理


“本书正是你梦寐以求的R图书!不要只看封面,直接翻开书看内容吧。”
——JD Long,CerebralMastication.com资深博主

Catalogue

译者序XII
前言XIII

第一部分R语言
第1章简介2
1.1本章目标2
1.2R是什么2
1.3安装R3
1.4选择一个IDE4
1.4.1Emacs+ESS4
1.4.2Eclipse/Architect4
1.4.3RStudio5
1.4.4Revolution-R5
1.4.5Live-R5
1.4.6其他IDE和编辑器6
1.5你的第一个程序6
1.6如何从R中获得帮助7
1.7安装其他相关软件9
1.8小结9
1.9知识测试:问题10
1.10知识测试:练习10

第2章科学计算器11
2.1本章目标11
2.2数学运算符和向量11
2.3变量赋值15
2.4特殊数字17
2.5逻辑向量18
2.6小结20
2.7知识测试:问题20
2.8知识测试:练习20

第3章检查变量和工作区22
3.1本章目标22
3.2类22
3.3不同类型的数字23
3.4其他通用类24
3.5检查和更改类26
3.6检查变量29
3.7工作区32
3.8小结33
3.9知识测试:问题33
3.10知识测试:练习34

第4章 向量、矩阵和数组35
4.1本章目标35
4.2向量35
4.2.1序列37
4.2.2长度38
4.2.3命名39
4.2.4索引向量39
4.2.5向量循环和重复41
4.3矩阵和数组43
4.3.1创建数组和矩阵43
4.3.2行、列和维度45
4.3.3行名、列名和维度名46
4.3.4索引数组47
4.3.5合并矩阵47
4.3.6数组算术48
4.4小结50
4.5知识测试:问题50
4.6知识测试:练习51

第5章列表和数据框52
5.1本章目标52
5.2列表52
5.2.1创建列表52
5.2.2原子变量和递归变量54
5.2.3列表的维度和算术运算55
5.2.4索引列表56
5.2.5向量和列表之间的转换58
5.2.6组合列表60
5.3NULL61
5.4成对列表64
5.5数据框65
5.5.1创建数据框65
5.5.2索引数据框68
5.5.3基本数据框操作69
5.6小结71
5.7知识测试:问题71
5.8知识测试:练习72

第6章环境和函数73
6.1本章目标73
6.2环境73
6.3函数76
6.3.1创建和调用函数76
6.3.2向其他函数传递和接收函数80
6.3.3变量的作用域82
6.4小结84
6.5知识测试:问题84
6.6知识测试:练习84

第7章字符串和因子86
7.1本章目标86
7.2字符串86
7.2.1创建和打印字符串87
7.2.2格式化数字88
7.2.3特殊字符90
7.2.4更改大小写91
7.2.5截取字符串91
7.2.6分割字符串92
7.2.7文件路径93
7.3因子94
7.3.1创建因子94
7.3.2更改因子水平96
7.3.3去掉因子水平96
7.3.4有序因子97
7.3.5将连续变量转换为类别98
7.3.6将类别变量转换为连续变量99
7.3.7生成因子水平100
7.3.8合并因子100
7.4小结101
7.5知识测试:问题101
7.6知识测试:练习101

第8章流程控制和循环103
8.1本章目标103
8.2流程控制103
8.2.1if和else103
8.2.2矢量化的if105
8.2.3多个分支106
8.3循环108
8.3.1重复循环108
8.3.2while循环110
8.3.3for循环111
8.4小结113
8.5知识测试:问题113
8.6知识测试:练习113

第9章高级循环115
9.1本章目标115
9.2replication115
9.3遍历列表116
9.4遍历数组122
9.5多个输入的应用函数124
9.6拆分-应用-合并(Split-Apply-Combine)126
9.7plyr包127
9.8小结130
9.9知识测验:问题130
9.10知识测试:练习131

第10章包133
10.1本章目标133
10.2加载包133
10.2.1搜索路径135
10.2.2库和已安装的包136
10.3安装包137
10.4维护包139
10.5小结139
10.6知识测试:问题140
10.7知识测试:练习140

第11章日期和时间141
11.1本章目标141
11.2日期和时间类141
11.2.1POSIX日期和时间142
11.2.2Date类143
11.2.3其他日期类144
11.3日期与字符串的相互转换144
11.3.1解析日期144
11.3.2格式化日期145
11.4时区145
11.5日期和时间的算术运算147
11.6lubridate149
11.7小结153
11.8知识测试:问题153
11.9知识测试:练习153

第二部分数据分析工作流
第12章获取数据156
12.1本章目标156
12.2内置的数据集156
12.3读取文本文件157
12.3.1CSV和制表符分隔(Tab-Delimited)文件157
12.3.2非结构化文本文件161
12.3.3XML和HTML文件161
12.3.4JSON和YAML文件163
12.4读取二进制文件165
12.4.1读取Excel文件165
12.4.2读取SAS、Stata、SPSS和MATLAB文件167
12.4.3读取其他文件类型167
12.5Web数据168
12.5.1拥有API的网站168
12.5.2抓取网页169
12.6访问数据库171
12.7小结174
12.8知识测试:问题174
12.9知识测试:练习174

第13章数据清理和转换175
13.1本章目标175
13.2清理字符串175
13.3操作数据框180
13.3.1添加和替换列180
13.3.2处理缺失值181
13.3.3在宽和长表格之间进行转换182
13.3.4使用SQL183
13.4排序184
13.5函数式编程185
13.6小结188
13.7知识测试:问题188
13.8知识测试:练习189

第14章探索和可视化190
14.1本章目标190
14.2汇总统计190
14.3三种绘图系统194
14.4散点图195
14.4.1第一种方法:base绘图法195
14.4.2第二种方法:lattice图形系统200
14.4.3第三种方法:ggplot2图形系统207
14.5线图212
14.6直方图220
14.7箱线图232
14.8条形图236
14.9其他的绘图包和系统242
14.10小结243
14.11知识测试:问题243
14.12知识测试:练习244

第15章分布与建模245
15.1本章目标245
15.2随机数246
15.2.1示例函数246
15.2.2从分布中抽样247
15.3分布248
15.4公式248
15.5第一个模型:线性回归250
15.5.1比较和更新模型252
15.5.2绘图和模型检查257
15.6其他模型类型261
15.7小结262
15.8知识测试:问题263
15.9知识测试:练习263

第16章程序设计264
16.1本章目标264
16.2信息、警告和错误264
16.3错误处理267
16.4调试270
16.5测试273
16.5.1RUnit273
16.5.2testthat276
16.6魔法277
16.6.1将字符串转换成代码277
16.6.2把代码转换成字符串279
16.7面向对象编程280
16.7.1S3类281
16.7.2引用类282
16.8小结287
16.9知识测试:问题287
16.10知识测试:练习288

第17章制作程序包289
17.1本章目标289
17.2为什么要创建软件包289
17.3先决条件289
17.4包目录结构290
17.5你的第一个包291
17.6为包撰写文档293
17.7检查和构建包296
17.8包的维护297
17.9小结298
17.10知识测试:问题299
17.11知识测试:练习299

第三部分附录
附录A变量的属性302
附录BR中其他可做的事情305
附录C问题答案307
附录D练习答案315

参考文献339
关于封面341

Introduction

R 是一种编程语言,也是用于数据分析和统计的软件环境。它是一个GNU 项目,这意味着它是自由的开源软件。它正在以指数级的速度不断成长——普遍认为,它的用户人数可能超过了100 万,它有4000 多个由开发社区贡献的附件包,而且每年以约25% 的速度增加。在本书创作之时,它在Tiobe 编程社区指数(Tiobe Programming Community Index)的开发语言流行榜上已排至第24 位,大致与SAS 和MATLAB 看齐。
R 广泛地应用在每一个需要统计或数据分析的领域,涵盖了金融、市场营销、医药、基因组学、流行病学、社会科学、教学以及许多其他较小的领域。
关于本书
因为R 主要用于统计分析,所以很多关于R 的书都在指导你如何计算统计或模型数据集。然而,这些书忽视了数据分析应用的实际情况。事实上,除非你做的是尖端研究,否则你所用到的统计技术往往只需用于常规任务,而且你的模型可能也不大。完整的数据分析流程更像是这样:
(1) 取得一些数据;
(2) 清理数据;
(3) 探索和可视化数据;
(4) 数据建模并做出预测;
(5) 展示或发布你的结果。
当然,每个阶段都可能碰到一些有趣的问题,以至于你需要更多的数据,或者要以不同的方式处理现有数据,这会使你的工作倒退一步。工作流是可以迭代的,但每个步骤都不可或缺。
本书的第一部分会从头开始教你R——你不需要任何编程语言的经验。实际上,虽然完全没有编程经验也无妨,但有一些基本的编程知识会更好。例如,本书介绍了如何注释代码以及编写for 循环,但没有作更详细的解释。因此,如果你想要找本真正的编程入门课本,那么Jason R。 Briggs 写的Python for Kids 非常合适!
本书的第二部分将展示R 语言的完整数据分析流程,这里需要一些基本的统计知识。例如,你应该了解平均值和标准差等术语,以及什么是条形图(bar chart)。
本书最后将介绍R 的一些高级主题,例如面向对象编程和包的创建。Garrett Grolem 的Data Analysis with R 将会在本书的基础上深入探讨数据分析流程。

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