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KingStone

【繁體】小行星獵人(TED Books系列)

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KingStone

【繁體】小行星獵人(TED Books系列)

Name: 【繁體】小行星獵人(TED Books系列)
Brand: KingStone
SKU: 3136100931
Price: 23.73 USD
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★國立自然科學博物館館長孫維新、成功高中地球科學老師謝莉芬──專業推薦
★《衛報》、《華盛頓郵報》、《華爾街日報》──好評推薦
★超人氣TED相關演講影片總點閱破百萬次

只要有一顆小行星撞擊地球，就可能影響地球存亡……

每到夜幕低垂，許多天文學家開始一天的工作，
他們不斷探索天空，首要任務就是確認是否有小行星朝地球飛來，
今日，我們不只可以靠科技找出這些天體，
更能夠防範這種天災降臨。

天文學家凱莉•紐金特是一名小行星獵人，她與同事們的工作，是探尋太陽系中的小行星，並繪製出地球周邊的宇宙地圖。

在面對小行星撞擊地球的威脅時，人類有科學實證和科技力量，不需要坐以待斃。

當前的首要任務就是要知道是否有小行星朝我們而來，所以每晚都有許多天文學家不斷探索天空。

本書將帶領讀者了解過去小行星衝撞地球的事件，如造成恐龍滅絕的原因；還有與地球相同大小的舒梅克－李維九號彗星撞擊木星事件；車里雅賓斯克小行星奇襲俄羅斯如何震驚世界；以及安妮‧霍奇斯太太不幸被隕石擊中的奇遇。

讀者將在本書認識小行星獵人橫跨全球的工作，也會了解到探尋小行星的重要性。最後更會證明，即便是這種令人難以想像的災害，其實都能事先防範。

TED Books系列

TED Books是介紹重要觀念的輕快閱讀系列，由TED團隊策劃製作，找專精領域又善於說故事的講者與作者，規劃出涵蓋多元領域的一系列TED Books。

每本書的篇幅短到可以一口氣讀完，但是也長到足以深度解說一個主題，主題非常廣，從建築、商業、太空旅行、到愛情，包羅萬象，是任何有好奇心、愛廣泛學習的人的完美選擇。在TED.com上，每一本書都有搭配的相關TED Talk演講，接續演講未盡之處。

十八分鐘的演講或播下種子、或激發想像，許多演講都開啟了想要知道得更深、想學得更多的渴望，需要更完整的故事。TED Books輕快閱讀系列正滿足了這個需求。

第一章　　無邊無際
第二章　　撞擊地球
第三章　　獵星守則
第四章　　人類發現的第一顆小行星
第五章　　陸地追星
第六章　　我最喜愛的望遠鏡
第七章　　玩笑成份
第八章　　行星防禦協調辦公室

後記
致謝
作者介紹
註解

各界推薦／推薦序

專業推薦

孫維新｜國立自然科學博物館館長
謝莉芬｜成功高中地球科學老師

各界推薦

呂冠緯｜誠致教育基金會執行長
林之晨｜TEDxMonga 講者、AppWorks 合夥人
洪蘭｜中央認知神經科學所教授
翁啟惠｜前中央研究院院長
許毓仁｜TED×Taipei創辦人
張輝誠｜台北市中山女高教師
童子賢｜和碩科技董事長
黃哲斌｜新聞工作者
葉丙成｜台大電機系教授
鄭國威｜Pansci 泛科學總編輯
劉安婷｜Teach for Taiwan創辦人

內容試閱

第1章　無邊無際

▍小行星等同毀滅？

但對許多人而言，小行星是毀滅的代名詞。小行星殞落地球，使人聯想到恐龍的絕跡，或是電影場景中毀壞的建築物和車輛，然而如此巨大的小行星衝擊其實是相當罕見的。事實上，我們可以事先準備以降低小行星破壞地球的可能性。

為小行星衝擊預做準備，就像是人們會事先防範突如其來的暴風雪。小行星的存在似乎體現我們無法控制宇宙，就如同在文學、藝術、和流行文化，它們都是上帝之作，這樣的宇宙現象凸顯出人類的無能。

然而事實並非如此。身為萬物之靈，我們可以透過科學發展和高超技術，來探討這樣的議題。首先，從繪製出地球周邊的小行星開始著手。

感謝多年來小行星獵人們的努力，我們幾乎已經發現所有最巨大且有危險性的星體。在2011年末，我們已經發現超過90％、直徑大於1 公里，遍布在地球周圍的小行星，也就是那些能造成巨大毀壞的星體。由於搜索在2011 年持續進行，因此發現的比例已經愈來愈高。

持續探索太空是非常重要的，我們不只想找到直徑大於1 公里的小行星，稍小（其實仍然很大）的小行星也是我們的搜索目標。小行星獵人們正忙於著手第二個目標：搜尋出90％直徑大於140 公尺又同時鄰近地球的小行星，這些星體足以重創中型城市。但截至目前為止，僅僅掌握了30％的資料。

身為地球上唯一能夠使用微積分和製作望遠鏡的物種，搜尋小行星是我們的責任。可憐的恐龍們沒能存活下來，但我們卻可以。如果我們能夠及早獲知危險小行星的警訊，我們就能將它推離原本的軌道。不同於地震、颶風、或是火山噴發等天災，小行星衝擊是一種能精準預測，並且有足夠的時間完全預防的自然災害。

如你所知，搜索小行星是件需要團隊合作和耐心的複雜任務。小行星獵人們總在偏遠山區度過漫漫長夜，只有臭鼬和貓頭鷹與之相伴。我們運用一個環繞地球運行的機器人望遠鏡，每十一秒就描繪一次太空的樣貌，將資料傳送至稱為小行星中心（Minor Planet Center）的中央資料庫。這些資料都會在華盛頓特區一棟不起眼的建築裡作業，這裡就是美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）的行星防禦協調辦公室（Planetary　Defense Coordination Office），在這裡雖然仍會看見美國政府的官營色彩，但進行的卻是未來感十足的工作，保衛地球免於小行星撞擊。第2章　撞擊地球

▍滅絕恐龍的巨大星體

但並非所有小行星都由岩石組成，有小部分的小行星以鎳和鐵為主要成分。正如你所想，金屬成分的小行星絕對會帶來更大的衝擊。

大約五萬年前，一顆由鎳與鐵組成的小行星撞擊了現在亞利桑那州的所在地。雖然當時該地區並沒有人居住，所以無人目睹，但若能遠遠看到，想必非常壯觀。事實上，五萬年後的今天，它所留下的隕石坑，寬約為1.2 公里（0.7 英里）、深約為0.2 公里（0.1 英里），仍令人嘆為觀止。

這顆小行星本身所留下的坑洞直徑約為45公尺（150 英呎），大約只有車里雅賓斯克的兩倍長，但是因為這顆隕石是由金屬組成（而且可能以較大的角度進入大氣層），所以造成更大規模的破壞。即便到了今日，仍可以從巨大隕石坑中的岩石裂痕，看出當時的爆炸力量之大。

就小行星來說，在車里雅賓斯克市與亞利桑那州上空爆炸的兩顆星體都算是非常小，事實上，它們幾乎比所有已知的小行星都還要小。當小行星愈大，它們的數量也愈少，也就是說，隨著體積愈大，小行星擊中地球的可能性也愈低。

雖然每幾百年就會有幾顆車里雅賓斯克隕石大小的星體墜入地球，但真的要很久很久才會有一顆大型的星體接近地球。

最著名的例子當然就是在6550 萬年前滅絕恐龍的小行星。這顆星體可能是小行星，也可能是一顆彗星，直徑約有10 公里這麼長，可能很難想像直徑10 公里的隕石究竟有多大。以下是我個人模擬當時情況的一些技巧：10 公里約為33000 英尺，大約就是一般客機的巡航高度。所以下次坐飛機的時候，選一個靠窗的座位，想像地面上有顆巨大的石頭，機翼的末端剛好與巨石的上緣平行，這顆巨石實在太寬大，飛機需要一分鐘的時間才能飛越。最可怕的是，巨石當時衝擊地球的速度可能比飛機飛行的速度還要快上60 倍。
當時隕石所帶來的衝擊完全無法想像，科學家們試著用電腦模擬重建毀滅的過程，想進一步了解導致75％以上物種滅絕的前因後果，但由於整起事件發生的時間過早，大部分的證據都已不復存在。事實上，一直到1980 年，路易斯．阿爾瓦雷茨（Luis Alvarez）及沃爾特．阿爾瓦雷茨（Walter Alvarez）這對科學家父子檔才為人類揭開這段歷史，儘管經過了數千萬年，有兩個線索依舊存在，讓他們得以找出其中端倪：一是墨西哥猶加敦半島附近的一個巨大隕石坑，二是遍布全球的一層含銥（Iridium）沉積物。銥元素在地球上相當少見，但在隕石中普遍存在，這讓這起隕石撞地球的事件有跡可循。

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