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千古一帝秦始皇(套装上下册)

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千古一帝秦始皇(套装上下册)

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《千古一帝秦始皇》是王立群“读《史记》”系列巅峰之作《秦始皇》的新版本,既为新,自然融入了更多的新材料、新思路、新认识、新感想。该书对秦始皇的解读可以说是王立群先生个人学识与思想融汇的高峰,其谨慎周密的考证与大胆创新的推测、其行云流水的表述与旁征博引的阐释都会令读者叹为观止。全书不仅展现了秦始皇作为中央集权制开创者所创建的雄伟霸业,也对秦始皇其人功过是非进行了多方面的评述。

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Book Abstract

异人奇缘

秦昭襄王在位长达半个多世纪,他的长子没能熬到继位的那天就与世长辞了。昭襄王死后,他的第二个儿子安国君继位,安国君就是秦始皇的祖父。作为次子的安国君竟然意外地当上国君,可谓人生奇缘。安国君有二十多个儿子,秦始皇的父亲异人排在中间,按照立嫡立长的原则,庶出的异人是没有可能当上太子的,然而当时在邯郸做质子且不被看重的异人,最终既意外又顺理成章地当上了太子,这一切都与一个精明的商人密切相关。这个商人凭借着家累千金的经济基础、精明的商业投机头脑,在贩贱卖贵的商业环境中,瞄准了目标,以商业的操作方式,对异人进行了全面的包装、宣传与公关,水到渠成地完成了异人人生的重要转型。这个商人是谁?他是如何把异人推上了太子宝座的?

落魄王孙:看似无缘未必无分

异人是怎么当上秦王的呢?可用四个字形容:苦心经营。说“苦心经营”,主要是因为异人根本没有资格、没有条件成为太子。事实上,在很长一段时间内,异人也没有成为太子的奢望,他只不过是秦国派往赵国的一个无足轻重的质子,一个落魄的王孙。

异人没有条件成为太子,缘于这样几个因素:

第一,异人在赵国做人质时,他的祖父秦昭襄王还健在,父亲安国君还是太子,他是王孙,不是公子,这中间隔了一层,他的祖父是不会想起这个远在异国他乡的孙子的。第二,安国君妻妾一大堆,儿女成群,光儿子就有二十多个,异人刚好处在中间,不是长子,不具备立为太子的条件。第三,异人的母亲夏姬很不得宠,经年都见不上安国君一面,异人不但是庶出的孙子,还是不受器重的儿子,在他祖父秦昭襄王、他父亲安国君心中,就好像根本没有这个人存在一样。也正因为地位无足轻重,他才具备了“光荣”入选作为“质子”进驻赵国邯郸城的资格。所以,作为落魄在异国他乡的邯郸城内的异人,自然不敢奢望成为王位的继承人。

战国时期,有一个习惯,就是诸侯国与诸侯国之间常常互派公子为人质,简称质子。质子制度在秦国也是一个惯例。秦国自商鞅变法开始,人人都要为国立功,国君的儿子(公子)也不能例外。当然,国君的儿子立功不一定非要上战场,他们可以到另一国去做人质,这是公子为国服务的一种方式。表面上看,各国在结盟时,推心置腹,互派质子,质子的地位非常尊荣。其实,质子就是人质,国与国之间一旦翻脸,质子是首先遭殃的,是泄愤的首选对象。何况在那个时代,诸侯国之间说翻脸就翻脸,今天歃血为盟、明天就兵临城下的事情更是屡见不鲜。

虽然在有些国家做质子并不坏,而且有时甚至是太子做质子,特别是强国为了表示怀柔而派在弱国的质子,弱国臣民都要奉迎他、巴结他,全国上下也都怀着近乎感恩的心情将其视为上宾;但异人作为强秦的质子没有享受到这种待遇。这是因为赵国一向是合纵之约的“约长”,再加上秦国不停顿地东进,力图并吞六国,秦赵之间的战事经常爆发,所以异人时时刻刻都是在“刀架在脖子上”的环境中生存,两国稍有风吹草动,首先祭刀的自然是质子,何况秦国根本就没有放弃东进统一步伐的打算,这也恰好说明异人在秦国王室中地位是如何不值一提。秦国人都不在意质子,赵国对质子异人就更不客气了。本来,各国国君对派在异国或他国派在本国的质子,或者为了要面子,或者为了表示内心的歉疚,在经济上都尽量供应。然而,生活在邯郸的异人没有享受到这种待遇,他在赵国的生活非常窘迫困顿(秦数攻赵,赵不甚礼子楚。《史记·吕不韦列传》),上轻下慢的事情似乎成了家常便饭。

异人就是这样的一个落魄王孙,在秦国无足轻重,在赵国邯郸更没有受到礼遇(子楚,秦诸庶孽孙,质于诸侯,车乘进用不饶,居处困,不得意。《史记·吕不韦列传》)。所以,生活在异国他乡的公子异人基本上无缘太子之位。

不过,“缘”是天时、地利、人和等各种外部条件的集合,一旦加入某个新元素,无缘可成奇缘,无缘未必无分。如果说异人的父亲安国君意外地继承王位是他人生中的第一个奇缘,那么此时他正遭遇人生的第二个奇缘。

奇货可居长线投资

在异人的第二次人生转变中,有个精明的商人起了至关重要的作用。这个商人凭借着家累千金的经济基础、精明的商业投机头脑,在贩贱卖贵的商业环境中,选准了目标,以商业的操作方式,完成了异人人生的重要转型。

这个商人就是阳翟(dí,敌。阳翟在今河南禹州一带)人吕不韦。

吕不韦“往来贩贱卖贵,家累千金”。按说,他已是财经巨子,可以笑傲江湖了。但金钱对于他来说不过是账户上的数字,吕不韦有更大的欲望。他的这一欲望,可以《战国策》中记载的他与父亲之间的一番对话为证:

濮阳人吕不韦贾于邯郸,见秦质子异人。归而谓父曰:“耕田之利几倍?”曰:“十倍。”“珠玉之赢几倍?”曰:“百倍。”“立国家之主赢几倍?”曰:“无数。”(范祥雍《战国策笺证·秦策五》)

吕不韦问了三件事:一是耕田,二是经商,三是从政。耕田之利最薄,只有十倍;经商之利次之,可达百倍;立主定国之利最大,无数倍。当然,一项比一项困难,但利润一项比一项更具有诱惑力。对利润永无止境的追求的欲望使这位财经巨子不满足于仅仅在商界“贩贱卖贵”了,他要把这套商业规则在政界运营。于是他以极其敏锐的政治嗅觉盯上了奇货可居的质子异人。

异人是秦国公子,这具备了日后成为秦王的最基本的条件,所以进入了赌博天下、投资政治的大商人的视野。腰缠万贯的吕不韦虽然从商,却与各国政界要人有密切的关系,对政界的操作规则更是熟稔,而且,他相信自己有翻云覆雨、点石成金的能力,自信凭自己精明的商业头脑,能够重新包装一个准秦王。

隔行如隔山,经商与从政能够兼容吗?

经商要讲究投入与产出、付出与回报,这与政治非常接近。在商界与政界的相互转换中,《史记》记载了两个非常典型的范例:一个是范蠡,一个是吕不韦。范蠡是政治家经商,

吕不韦是商人从政。

人们不禁会问:一个政治家下海经商能够成功吗?

能!因为政治家经商有其独到的资源,但是,能否最终成功,还有其他诸多因素。范蠡

是一个成功的个案(乃乘扁舟浮于江湖,变名易姓,适齐为鸱夷子皮,之陶为朱公。朱公以为陶天下之中,诸侯四通,货物所交易也。乃治产积居,与时逐而不责于人。故善治生者,能择人而任时。十九年之中三致千金,再分散与贫交疏昆弟。《史记·货殖列传》)。反过来,一位出色的商人能够从政吗?也能!因为经商与从政看起来虽然毫不相干,其实,二者做到极致之时是完全相通的。

任何一个执政大党都经历过由小到大、由弱到强的历史过程。在至关重要的发展过程中靠什么?靠三条:战略、人才与管理。同理,一个小公司,从最初的几十个人,经过几十年的艰苦奋斗,最终成为一个巨无霸的跨国公司,靠的是什么?也是三条:战略、人才与管理。因此,一个优秀的政治家能够经商,也能够成为一名成功的商人;反之,一位优秀的商人也一定能够从政,成为一名优秀的政治家。二者在本质上是相通的。不但从政与经商可以相通,世界上任何职业只要做到极致,都能够相通。这是一条铁律!但是,这是就大的方面而言,个体差异的因素尚未计入其中。

所以,作为一位优秀商人的吕不韦,要上岸从政,与作为一位优秀政治家的范蠡下海经商,看起来是背道而驰的,其实,只要优秀,无论上岸从政还是下海经商,都能够获得成功。

安国君有二十几个儿子,他凭什么独独挑中穷困潦倒的异人呢?异人能否就此改变人生走向、点石成金呢?

这就要看吕不韦的经商策略了,他之所以发家,完全是依靠“贱买贵卖”,依靠囤积居奇,在吕不韦锐利的商人眼中,异人是一支具有巨大升值空间的潜力股。所以,他称异人是“奇货可居”。所谓“奇货可居”,就是说异人是一种稀缺资源,应当预先收购,等待升值。那么,异人真如他的名字一样,有什么奇异之处吗?

吕不韦打定了弃商从政的主意后,立刻去拜见异人。异人此时在赵国生活得正非常郁闷,连乘车都很困难,经济拮据,听说有一位大商人要来拜访自己,便立刻接见了。看来,异人潦倒并不颓废,在逆境中寻求突破。

吕不韦见到异人之后,劈头第一句话就说:我能够光大你的门庭(吾能大子之门。《史记·吕不韦列传》)。

异人听了,淡淡地说:你还是先光大你自己的门庭,再说光大我的门庭吧(且自大君之门,而乃大吾门!《史记·吕不韦列传》)!这话是什么意思呢?异人尽管潦倒,却不卑怯。在中国古代,商人的地位很低。你吕不韦不过有几个臭钱,怎么就敢吹破牛皮?本公子门庭再落魄也是王室子弟,是你能光大的吗?

吕不韦听了异人的话,不急不恼、不紧不慢地说了第二句话:你不知道,我的门庭要等待你的门庭光大了才会光大(子不知也,吾门待子门而大。《史记·吕不韦列传》)。这个吕不韦也不得了,竟敢把自己的生死和王家的命运联系在一起!

一个是虽然落魄却并不颓废的公子,一个是雄心勃勃又非常现实的富商。这样两个男人一相遇,怎么能不做出点改天换地、气吞山河的大事业呢!

异人闻此一言,立即发现吕不韦非同寻常。一句“为之奈何”,您认为该怎么办呢?放下架子,向智者问计。这公子果然虚怀若谷,有王者气派。

于是,吕不韦向异人精辟地分析了秦国国君与王储的现状:

一是安国君继位在即。秦昭襄王已经年迈了,安国君作为太子,很快就会即位。

二是华阳夫人是个关键人物。安国君最宠爱华阳夫人,而华阳夫人无子。华阳夫人虽然无子,但是她却拥有确立太子的能力!

三是异人比不过自己的兄弟。异人有二十多个兄弟,异人不是长子,又长期在外做质子,如果秦昭襄王仙逝,安国君继位为秦王,异人肯定比不过天天在安国君面前的那些兄弟。

四是异人本人无经济实力包装自己。异人客游他乡,毫无经济能力,因此无法结交达官贵人,更无从得到他们的信任和推崇。也就是说,在上流社会,没有经济实力进行自我包装,就拉不到足够的政治选票。

吕不韦一席话,让异人彻底折服了。而当吕不韦分析完秦国国内的形势,竟然声称要包装他为嫡嗣(正妻之长子,此指当作正妻之养子)时,异人发现吕不韦是一个出色的营销策划人,一位优秀的职业经理人。于是他坚定地对吕不韦说:“必如君策,请得分秦国与君共之。”

“分秦国与君共之”就是“共享天下”。能够说出“共享天下”这种话的人,在整个秦汉史中只有两个:一个是异人,一个是后来的刘邦。

……

Introduction

中国历史上最说不得的皇帝

说起中国历史上的皇帝,秦始皇最难下嘴。

一是说不得。

二是说不清。

三是说不完。

何谓说不得?

一谈秦始皇“焚书坑儒”是“焚诗书坑术士”,马上有人说:这是为秦始皇翻案!

一说秦始皇“统一文字”未取得完全成功,马上有人说:这是诬陷秦始皇!

无论是引用司马迁在《史记·儒林列传》所说的“焚诗书坑术士”代替通行的“焚书坑儒”,还是从大量出土的秦简多为秦隶得出秦始皇以大篆统一天下文字并未得到广泛流行的结论,两者似乎都不容置喙。只要谈及秦始皇,都必须以流行说法为准,不许说三道四!

何谓说不清?

秦始皇的贡献说不清。一般认为,秦始皇的贡献中最核心的两个字是“统一”。统一中国、统一文字、统一度量衡、统一车轨。其实,秦始皇的最大贡献不只是这些。他的最大贡献之一是开创了中国历史上的一种政治制度———帝国制,或曰中央集权制。

秦始皇被称为“千古一帝”并非虚言。他是中国古代史上帝国制度的开创者。从公元前221年秦始皇开创帝制到1911年辛亥革命推翻帝制,两千多年的中华民族历史就是一部帝国制度史。邦国制、帝国制、共和制成为中国自古至今的政治制度,其中,秦始皇开创的帝国制持续时间最长、影响最大,这么一大贡献能被忽略吗?

政治人物的最高成就是开创一种政治制度。秦始皇是中国历史上帝国制的开创者,仅此一条,足以让其不朽。无论是颂扬他,抑或是贬斥他,对于中华民族来说,他都是一个难说再见的人物。现行高中历史课本“人物卷”,在中国史部分只评述了三位皇帝:秦始皇、唐太宗、清康熙。可见我们在传承历史的过程中,无论如何也少不了秦始皇,而且他在进入历史课本的三位大佬中排“老大”。

为什么他是“老大”?因为他是开创者,一种在中国历史上流传最长的治制度的总设计师。

秦国至秦始皇时已是超级大国。邦国制早已不复存在,高度中央集权的帝国制已经呼之欲出。秦始皇顺应了历史潮流创立了帝国制。秦帝国短命,十五年玩儿完了,但帝国制却生命力旺盛,一传就是两千多年,至清末才为国人所抛弃。

秦始皇的最大贡献之二是创建了一个庞大的帝国。在现代世界中,人们往往忽略了大国的重要性。其实,一部国际关系史就是一部大国博弈的历史。小国很难有资本玩国际游戏。当然,大国也要强,弱小的大国还是砧板上任人宰割的羔羊。但是,弱可以变强,小不可以变大。尤其是在二战之后,再想通过战争吞并他国已经不是一件容易的事了。虽然还有,但付出的代价太大了。小国随时可能被大国作为牺牲品牺牲掉,20世纪的历史让人们看到了太多太多这样的悲剧。秦始皇创建统一的帝国,为我们中华民族留下了一个至今仍然能够成为大国的基本框架。这算不算贡献?当然要算,而且是大贡献。

何谓说不完?

一千年后,两千年后,我们仍然绕不开秦始皇。千年之后仍然能够留名青史者叫千古留名,留下美名者叫千古流芳,留下恶名者叫遗臭千年。秦始皇留的是什么名?恐怕又要见仁见智了。


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Yami Gift Card

Get this exclusive deal when paying with gift card

Terms and Conditions

Gift card deals are special offers for selected products;

The gift card deals will automatically be activated if a customer uses gift card balance at check out and the balance is sufficient to pay for the total price of the shopping cart products with gift card deals;

You will not be able to activate the gift card deals if you choose other payment methods besides gift card. The products will be purchased at their normal prices;

If your account balance is not enough to pay for the products with gift card deals, you can choose to reload your gift card balance by clicking on the Reload button at either shopping cart page or check out page;

Products that have gift card deals can be recognized by a special symbol showing 'GC Deal';

For any additional questions or concerns, please contact our customer service;

Yamibuy reserves the right of final interpretation.

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Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

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Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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Jingdong book

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