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给孩子的汉字王国

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★ 著名汉学家八年心血之作

“给孩子”系列第五部《给孩子的汉字王国》是一本外国人为孩子写的讲述汉字故事的书。八十四岁的瑞典汉学家林西莉,出于对汉字的迷恋和好奇,耗费八年时间,总结实际教学与研究经验,用一本书讲述神秘而有趣的有关汉字的一切,为孩子开启认识汉字、探寻文化起源之门。

★ 从造字故事探寻汉字起源

《给孩子的汉字王国》讲解的都是最基本的汉字,例如水与山、农耕和家畜、车和船、书籍与乐器……林西莉从汉字早期的形态讲起,让孩子从汉字的象形结构中去理解汉字的来龙去脉,从汉字的形象中悟得其意蕴,并从这些字讲到中国古代人的日常生活,讲到产生这些文字的自然场景,大大增加孩子对汉字的兴趣,让他们对汉字的理解变得更加容易。

★ 五百幅图片展示汉字之美

《给孩子的汉字王国》集录五百多幅图片,直观形象地表现出相关汉字的造型来源,加强孩子对汉字的理解,提高孩子的阅读兴味,拓宽孩子的知识面。还没有一本关于汉字的书收有如此多的指示明确的图片。配合这些图片,林西莉对每一个字都进行了详尽的探讨,并以散文的笔法,通俗易懂地讲述了它们的来龙去脉,阐释了每一个字的美。

★ 连接中国传统的文化纽带

《给孩子的汉字王国》不仅讲述文字本身,而且通过描绘中国古人的日常生活环境,解读中国古代文化,让孩子通过通俗的文字、搭配巧妙的图片、与日常生活密切相关的选字走进丰富的中国传统文化世界。汉字是连接所有中国人的文化纽带和文化标志,而本书无疑是一本有趣、实用的汉语知识读物。

★ 经典文化史著作赞誉无数

《给孩子的汉字王国》在当今西方国家是人们了解中国的典范读本,早已有英、法、德等十多种译本。中国原外交部长、国务院副总理钱其琛曾谈及此书,也认为书中见解确实很有道理。作为一本讲述汉字的起源及其发展中的中国文化史的精彩著作,《给孩子的汉字王国》将成为广受读者欢迎的经典作品。


Content Description

《给孩子的汉字王国》以图文并茂的形式讲述中国文字的起源和特点,主要选取一些与人的生活有关的字,按章讲述,如人与人类,水与山,家畜,车、路和船,农耕,酒和器皿,麻与丝、竹与树、工具与武器,屋顶与房子,书籍与音乐等,同时分析和讲述中国人的生活方式和风俗习惯 ,加深读者对文字的理解。市场上关于汉字的书很多,但基本上都是中国作者写的。此书出于瑞典汉学家之手,作为一个外国人,她对每一个汉字都充满了好奇,比如为什么人们把自来水的开关称之为“龙头”?为什么人们把怀孕叫做“有身子了”?“身”和“孕”有什么关系?为什么许多中国人见了面不问“你好”,而问“你吃了吗?”等等。书中只讲述了200多个“基本汉字”,它们大多是中国人很早创造使用的汉字。可以说,这是一本孩子学习汉字的通俗易懂的入门书。


Author Description

[瑞典] 林西莉(Lindqvist Cecilia),教授、作家和摄影家、汉学家。早年师从著名汉语专家高本汉学习。1961年至1962年在北京大学读书,此后曾数十次到中国访问。1971年起在瑞典任汉语教师,1978年后为瑞典电视台做有关中国语言的节目。曾任瑞中友好协会会长。除了本书,她还出版《古琴》《另一个世界:中国印象1961-1962》等关于中国文化的著作。由于她对传播和普及中国文化的贡献,今年8月获得中国政府颁布的中华图书特殊贡献奖。


Catalogue

写在前面

甲骨文和金文

人和人类

水与山

野生动物

家畜

车、路和船

农耕

酒和器皿

麻与丝

竹与树

工具与武器

屋顶与房子

书籍与乐器

索引

译者后记


Book Abstract

很多最古老和最清楚的字都是人类与人体不同部位的形象。就让我们从“人”字开始。在我不知道古代的汉字是怎么写的时候,我认为人字是腿的形象:我看见路上有一个人在大步往前走。但是我错了,当我了解了甲骨文和金文是怎么样写的以后,我发现“人”字是人的剖面的形象。她直立着,手下垂或者轻轻举到前面。个别的情况下头朝前一些,但是在绝大多数情况下仅仅能看到身体,就像从稍远的地方看大街上或者田野上的一个人一样。

“人”字出现在很多“合成字”里。它经常以在古代中国谁都明白的形式出现,尽管已经过了三千年。

旁边的泥人比甲骨文还要早些,但是与安阳郊外小屯村出土的甲骨文属同一时期。这个面目友善的小人歪着头站在那里呼喊着,目光有点呆滞。耳朵很大,长发梳到脑后,盘成发髻。手臂很长,此时无事可做,垂下来,抱着身体。

这是中国艺术中最早表现人物的作品之一,简单得像一个字。

通过把人字上下颠倒或转动以及把人字与人字组成不同的结构,古代中国人创造了很多新字:两个人,一个跟着一个,组成“从”字。在甲骨文和金文中,两个人有时候朝左走,有时候朝右走。在公元前200年统一文字之前,字形不稳定的情况是常见的。

两个人,一个在上,一个在下,好像两个人磨破了脚躺在那里,意思是变化。它还可以组成“化学”—化学是关于物质变化的学说— 它还可与别的字组成与变化有关的很多词。

两个人站在一排:比

最下边的两个人背靠背,面朝相反的方向。这个字的最初的意思是背后、后面,但是随着时间的变化,它有了“北”的意思。这与中国的民居和其他场所都是坐北朝南有关。这个传统可以追溯到文明之初,在地理现实中可以找到根据。寒冷的西伯利亚大风和春天蒙古高原的黄色沙暴都来自北面。人们为了保护自己就要背对着它们。北面是后边,是背后,是黑暗和寒冷。因此人们面朝南,对着太阳,连皇帝上朝理政时也总是面南背北。

我们在“大”字里看到一个人,叉着腿,伸着双臂,好像一个守门员等着接球。或者仅仅为了引人注意而吸足了气以显示自己伟大?

同一个形象,上面又加了一个笔画,组成“夫”字。人们认为这一笔画是为了把成年人的头发别起来的簪子。

……


Introduction

汉字为什么是这个样子?从我20世纪50年代末跟高本汉(Bernhard Karlgren)开始学习汉语起,这个问题一直吸引着我。高本汉每教一个字都要解释它的结构以及人们所知道的它的最初形式。他讲汉字的来龙去脉,使它们变得活生生的,很容易理解。当时他本人作为世界最知名的汉语语言学家之一已有几十年,但是他对汉字的热爱仍然充满青春的活力,他以似乎永不枯竭的激情在黑板上、粉尘中进行着汉字分析。

1961年至1962年我在北京大学学习汉语,后来在音乐学院学习古琴。我惊奇地发现,即使一些受过很高教育的中国人对自己的语言的根也知之甚少。人们在小学、中学和大学机械地进行着汉语教学,却很少加以解释。

我在旅居亚洲和拉丁美洲之后又回到了瑞典,于20世纪70年代初期开始从事汉语教学。我发现我的学生的反应跟我过去完全一样—我对汉字的结构和早期的形式讲授得越多,他们越容易理解和记住这些汉字。当我同时也讲解这些文字所来自的那个世界,讲述古代中国人的日常生活—他们的房子、车辆、衣服以及他们使用的工具,讲述产生这些文字的自然场景—乡野、山河、动物与植物时,效果就特别好。

我越深入学习汉字,越被汉字所反映的现实以及我作为学生所看到的但实际并没有理解的一切所吸引。为什么人们要在田野上并排种植各种不同的庄稼·为什么人们把自来水的开关称为“龙头”?为什么有几百万人在能够住进真正的房子的情况下仍然固执地住在山坡两旁的窑洞里?我如饥似渴地研究这方面的材料,博览群书。技术方面的材料也没少看。我这个学文科的学生本来对这些是不感兴趣的。我一次又一次地回到中国去,更多地了解我还没有搞明白的一切。

每去一次跟汉字的距离就更接近一步。

在我生活的很长时间里,我把自己首先看作是艺术史家。对我来说寻求汉字被创造时的外观和实物来进行解释是很自然的。在考古材料中,人们常常看到一些形象,它们与最初的汉字形态表达了对于现实的相同的认识。我的书是第一次系统地表述这种情况。

一旦注意到这些形象,人们就会发现,它们在以后的几千年中反复出现。中国文化有惊人的连续性。直到今天人们在广告、民间艺术和周围的日常生活中,还能看到一些画面,它们在把握和反映现实的方面与三千多年以前文字创造者们完全相同。

但是它们是书面语言的基本要素,就像化学周期表中的基本元素一样,反复出现在新的和引人入胜的结构中。一旦逐个地认识了它们,它们不仅会成为理解书面文字的钥匙,而且也有助于了解这些文字被创造时的实际和今天中国的生活。

本书的中心是讲述一个“故事”,这就是在汉字的起源及其发展中的中国文化史。我选择了使用自己的话讲述这个“故事”,而不采用学究式的论文体,它是我个人经验、经历和观点的一部分。

林西莉

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