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Jingdong book

从出生到3岁:婴幼儿能力与早期教育指南(新版)

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婴幼儿能力与早期教育指南

作者是世界著名早期教育专家、哈佛大学“哈佛学前项目”总负责人、有37年丰富研究经验的伯顿·L.怀特,在本书中,他将孩子头3年分为7个发展阶段,对每个阶段孩子的行为发展(包括语言、动作、智力、好奇心、情感等)、养育方法、疾病自我筛查、适合孩子的玩具等都做了详细阐述,甚至还分析了二胎的间隔时间、孩子间的争斗等内容。

对于任何一个关心孩子成长的父母来说,这本书都是不容错过的。

Content Description

没有任何问题比人的素质问题更加重要,而一个孩子出生后头3年的经历对于其基本人格的形成有着无可替代的影响……本书是一本完全基于对家庭里的婴幼儿及其父母的直接研究而写成的,也是一本经过大量实践检验的经典。本书将0-3岁分为7个阶段,对婴幼儿在每一个阶段的发展特点和父母应该怎样做以及不应该做什么进行了详细的介绍。

本书第一版问世于1975年,一经出版,就立即成为了一部经典之作。伯顿·L.怀特基于自己37年的观察和研究,在这本详细的指导手册中描述了0-3岁婴幼儿在每个月的心理、生理、社会能力和情感发展,为数千万名家长提供了支持和指导。

现在,这本经过了全面修订和更新的著作包含了关于养育的准确的信息与建议。

Catalogue

前言

第1篇头3年中的7个阶段

第1章出生至8个月:第1~5阶段的指南

第2章第一阶段:出生至6周

第3章第二阶段:6~14周

第4章第三阶段:3个半月至5个半月

第5章第四阶段:5个半月至8个月

第6章第五阶段:8~14个月

第7章第六阶段:14~24个月

第8章第七阶段:24~36个月

第9章孩子在头3年中教育发展的总结

第2篇0~3岁养育的相关话题

第10章主要问题

第11章其他问题

结语

Book Abstract

第1章出生至8个月:第1~5阶段的指南

概述

为什么要把前8个月从头3年中单列出来?

来自世界很多地方的报告都显示,从教育的角度来说,大多数儿童(即使是在较差的条件下长大的儿童)在出生后的头8个月中都会有良好的发展。无论是在一年级成绩优异还是严重落后的孩子,在出生后的第一年中都没有表现出任何不同之处这一说法也有例外。大约15%的儿童在出生时就具有重大的残疾或者在人生头几年中落下残疾。无疑,还有很多孩子出生在条件非常恶劣的环境中,因而情况非常糟糕。这些特殊的例子不在本书的讨论范围之内。。

在我们的研究中发现,一旦婴儿学会了爬行之后,要想做好养育工作就变得更加困难。换句话说就是,在宝宝出生后的头8个月中,你只要顺其自然就会收到非常好的效果,但是,在头3年中的其余时间里,仅仅顺其自然就远远不够了。

在出生后的头8个月中,宝宝的良好发展在很大程度上是自然成长的结果。如果父母顺其自然,并且给宝宝充分的爱、关注和身体护理,大自然就会很好地眷顾宝宝的学习过程。我并不是说在这个阶段不可能有很糟糕的养育,愚蠢和冷漠对任何年龄的孩子都可能造成永久性的伤害,尤其是对刚出生几个月的宝宝。我也不是说头8个月的“正常”发展过程无法得到促进。但是,好像大自然已经预料到新父母们会面临着各种不知所措的情况,而竭尽全力地使宝宝的头6~8个月不出现问题。然而,在这个阶段存在着两个重大危险,一旦不慎就可能导致麻烦。这两个麻烦一是会对听力造成损伤的中耳疾病,一是过度的“需求性啼哭”。我会在后面详细讨论这两个问题。

设定目标

如果不清楚自己想要达到的目标,你就无法确定是否取得了成功。我一向认为,设定明确的目标并找到目标实现情况的评估方法是唯一正确的出发点。

大多数父母期望的是,自己的孩子在早期能够得到良好的发展,并且自己和孩子能够享受纯真的快乐。他们还希望避免孩子的不愉快、焦虑,当然还包括对孩子造成的危险。如果宝宝最佳的早期发展与父母和宝宝的快乐不可兼得,那将是一件不幸的事。但是,令人欣慰的是,这种情况并不会发生。特别是在孩子出生后的头几个月中,我所推荐的大量育儿方法都会使宝宝更快乐、使父母更满意。我发现,在随后的婴幼儿时期,发展良好的宝宝是最令人愉快的,也是最快乐的。

但是,只设定一般的目标是不够的。在把目标确定为把宝宝培养成一个发展良好而又快乐的孩子之后,你接下来该怎么办呢?你如何实现这个目标?这个目标实际上意味着什么?让我们先来看一看头8个月的目标。

在宝宝出生后的头8个月中,我们建议父母朝着三个主要目标努力:

1让宝宝感受到爱和关心。

2帮助宝宝发展具体的技能。

3鼓励宝宝对周围的外部世界产生兴趣。

在深入讨论第一阶段至第四阶段宝宝的发展过程时,我会反复提到这些基本目标。让我们具体讨论一下这三个目标。

让宝宝感受到爱和关心

在任何孩子出生后的头两年中,他们都需要至少与一个成年人建立起牢固的关系。显然,一个宝宝要想生存下去尚且需要从一出生就得到成年人的保护和养育,更不用说要获得良好的发展了。

在头8个月中,社会能力方面的发展相对简单。著名的人格心理学家埃瑞克·埃瑞克森(Erik Erikson)把这一阶段的主要社会能力发展目标描述为建立一种“信任感”。我相信这个描述是非常准确的。用充满爱和关怀的方式照顾你的宝宝,使他感受到关爱,或是建立起基本的信任感,这是最自然也是最有益的养育方式。尽管我们没有多少理由相信8个月大的婴儿除了对母亲有最简单的认识之外,还会有更多的感受,但是,大多数研究人类发展的学者都认为,一个孩子个性形成的基础建立在他与养育者之间最早的互动之中。

帮助宝宝发展特有的技能

很少有其他的动物像人类的新生婴儿那样无助。刚出生的婴儿无法思考,无法使用语言,无法与其他人进行交流,无法奔跑、行走,甚至无法有意识地移动自己。在仰面躺着的时候,宝宝无法抬起自己的头;在趴着的时候,他也只能把鼻子稍稍离开所躺的平面。人类几乎所有的能力他都不具备。

那么,一个新生儿能做什么呢?他有一些反射式的感觉运动能力。在趴着的时候,他可以把头抬起来,以避免窒息。他的每只手有09千克多的力量,可以抓起一些小东西,但必须由其他人以正确的方法进行引导才能做到。如果一个物体足够大(每一维都大于几厘米),并与背景形成鲜明的对比,距离他在15~20厘米以上、61厘米以下,移动的轨迹经过他的视线,或是移动速度大约为每秒30厘米,他可能就会对这个物体瞥上一眼,并用目光追随它几秒钟。但是,一旦这个物体停止移动,他就会对它失去兴趣。而且,只有当他醒着、处于警觉状态的时候,并且不活动时,这种行为才会出现,但是,在头3个星期中,这种状态在他醒着的每个小时里仅仅会出现2、3分钟。在其他情况下,你会看到,出生后不久的宝宝对身边的世界似乎无动于衷。

新生儿通常能够发现触碰到其嘴唇或是接近嘴唇的小东西(寻乳行为),随后,他们会用嘴衔住并进行吮吸。在感到不适的时候,他们会啼哭。当他们的眼睛被触碰或是有风吹过的时候,他们就会眨眼。如果有适当的刺激,他们会出现膝跳反射(膝盖的反应)。

过于关注婴儿的惊吓反射,会使父母产生不必要的担心。如果新生儿的身体迅速下降,或听到附近很大的声音,甚至昏暗的房间里突然亮起灯光,都会使他们产生惊吓反射。宝宝在安静状态下会比在活动状态下更容易产生惊吓反射。但是,更为有趣的是自发性惊吓,这种反射正如其名称所暗示的那样,无须外界刺激就会产生。在以有规律的呼吸和静止不动为特征的深度睡眠阶段,正常的新生儿每两分钟就会产生一次惊吓反射。在快速眼动睡眠阶段中,自发式惊吓反射的发生频率会比较低。新生儿的状态越活跃,惊吓反射的发生次数就越少。惊吓反射和自发性惊吓通常都会在第3个月末消失。

大约从第6周的时候起,宝宝应对外部世界的能力开始增强。从这时候起,他的发展速度就会加快。到了8个月的时候,他就获得了控制自己身体的很多能力。他可以轻松地把头竖起来并保持稳定。他可以随意翻身,不需要支撑就可以坐着,甚至可以从房间的这头爬到那头。通常,孩子此时还不能够自己站起来,不能走路或攀爬在这些方面,有的宝宝的发展速度会比一般的宝宝快很多。我见过一些宝宝在5个月的时候就能在屋里爬来爬去,并且自己站起来。但是,这种情况的发生机率大约只有五百分之一。发展速度的差异是一个非常重要的话题,对此,我会在后面详细讨论。,但已经能够熟练地使用双手去够东西。在100个宝宝中,大约有99个已经拥有了良好而成熟的视力——甚至会超过其45岁以上的父亲。此时的宝宝能够准确地追踪和辨别各种声音。在社会能力方面,他已经非常清楚谁是家里的主要成员,并且会对让谁抱自己表现得非常挑剔。在智力方面,尽管他还远远不能理解和产生各种想法,但是,他已经获得了两个重要的解决问题的能力:会把一个障碍物移开以便拿到他想要的东西,更重要的是会利用哭声让别人到他身边来。

换句话说就是,这个充满活力、使人着迷的小家伙已经获得了不少基本技能。

如果你了解宝宝技能发展的情况以及如何为他提供发展这些技能的机会,你就会把头8个月的养育工作进行得更加有趣且有效。但是,我需要指出,这些技能大多都无需你给予特别的关注。毫无疑问,这些技能是非常基本的,除非条件极端恶劣,否则都会得到正常的发展。鼓励宝宝发展这些技能的重要原因是为了在头8个月中实现下面的第三个主要目标。

鼓励宝宝对外部世界的兴趣

一个孩子是在3、4个月的时候学会用手去够东西,还是在5、6个月的时候才学会这一本领,都是无关紧要的。但是,根据我的经验,如果婴儿的环境使他有机会对刚刚出现的技能加以练习,他就会对环境产生更浓厚的兴趣,也会变得更加活泼、敏捷、心情愉快。实际上,对于良好的养育工作,尤其是早期养育工作来说,一条基本的原则是,你应当对宝宝的世界加以设计,使他每天的生活丰富多彩,并且有各种适合其兴趣与能力的活动可供选择。要想成功地创造这样一个环境,就需要详细而准确地了解孩子这些兴趣和能力发展的过程。你会从这本书中得到很多相关的信息。

总的来说,在人生的头8个月中,你的养育方式应当让宝宝感受到浓浓的爱意,让他能够在这几个月中获得所有应当获得的基本能力,并且加深和扩展他与生俱来的学习欲望以及从周围世界获得乐趣的倾向。

……

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