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Jingdong book

自闭症在英国的诊疗

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Books Psychology Abnormal / Pathological Psychology

Jingdong book

自闭症在英国的诊疗

Name: 自闭症在英国的诊疗
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116000011
Price: 22.65 USD
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Content Description

本书的内容涉及面较广（不分种族、年龄、阶层），主要介绍英国的有关自闭症的发病率及诊疗情况，且有较广泛的综述；还有一些诊疗经验的介绍，对一些个案有较详细的描述；另附有问卷供家长填写，亦可作为医生诊断时的参考。本书可供从事教育、医务、社会工作者参考，对在中小学和幼儿园从事心理咨询工作的教师，以及患者家属也有帮助。

Catalogue

第一部分英国对自闭症的认识
1 概况
1.1 对自闭症认识的发展历史
1.2 自闭症的发病率
1.3 对自闭症患者的特殊教育
1.4 对自闭症患者的统计
1.5 英国教育法案修订概况
1.6 英国自闭症服务机构

第二部分自闭症的诊疗
2 自闭症
2.1 “经典凯纳”自闭症
2.2 爱斯博格综合征
2.3 高功能自闭症
2.4 自闭症病因
3 自闭症的三大障碍
3.1 沟通交流障碍
3.2 社会互动与社会关系障碍
3.3 缺乏想象性思维
4 自闭症患者的特征与表现
4.1 语言问题
4.2 不正常的视觉探查与眼神交流
4.3 行为控制问题
4.4 对感觉经验的不正常反应
4.5 不恰当的情绪反应
4.6 多变的身体机能与发展的不正常
4.7 特殊技能
4.8 行为问题
5 了解爱斯博格综合征
5.1 语言交流的困难
5.2 社会交往的困难
5.3 想象性思维的困难
5.4 其他方面的困难
5.5 爱斯博格综合征的特征
6 自闭症患者常常是视觉思考者
7 自闭症患者的困难行为与“挑衅”行为
7.1 挑衅行为
7.2 困难行为
8 自闭症的特定障碍与应对措施
8.1 吃饭障碍及应对措施
8.2 睡眠障碍及应对措施
8.3 情绪失控障碍及应对措施
8.4 使用卫生间障碍及应对措施
9 对自闭症学生的结构教学法
9.1 结构教学法
9.2 教学方法与策略
10 社会故事与图画式对话
11 精神感悟法
12 自闭症学校的静心教室
附录一：为家长准备的12个问题
附录二：沟通交流检查表

Book Abstract

1.1 对自闭症认识的发展历史 1943年，里奥·凯纳博士在美国为自闭症作出了第一次的经典描述。第二年，奥地利人汉斯·爱斯博格医生发表了一篇描述带有自闭行为的青春期少年的论文。这群少年智力水平正常、拥有语言表达能力，但在社交沟通技巧上存在很大障碍。当时，凯纳博士与爱斯博格医生都没有注意到对方发表的有关自闭症的论文。直至1990年，爱斯博格的论文才由傅瑞斯翻译成英文。爱斯博格症(自闭系列症中的一种)于1994年被正式归入《美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册(第四版)》，逐渐为英国人所认识。20世纪50至60年代，自闭症被错误地认为是一种心理疾病，其病因被归结为由情感冷漠的高智商父母的拙劣养护技巧所致。这种观念在60年代初期被一个新的研究结果否定，该结果证明了自闭症是婴儿初期的生理疾病。70年代末，英国博士佛尔斯丁和卢特进一步发现，自闭症患者的家庭中存在一个明显的基因链，并且这个基因链会影响自闭症的发病率。 90年代初，研究人员开始辨别出携带与自闭症相关联的基因物质染色体。目前，此基因研究仍在世界范围內继续进行。在英国，许多研究中心都致力于对自闭症的研究，并拥有广泛的资金来源，包括来自中央政府、私立机构或慈善机构等。目前对自闭症的研究有许多不同的着眼点，例如： (1)研究病症与特征：制订相应的诊断标准。 (2)研究可能致病的原因：分析精神与神经的相异之处，更广泛地从饮食、环境、基因；疫苗伤害等方面深入研究。 (3)探索干预方法：包括药物、教育干预治疗等。在英国，自闭症儿童通常是由儿科医生、家庭医生或教育心理学家鉴别诊断的。一旦确诊，家长们可以获得一系列的服务与帮助。当然，每个孩子获得的帮助，由于所在区域不同而有所差别。英国实行地方分权的教育制度，各地方教育局的做法各有不同，常因法案的改变而改变其措施和服务，因此，某一地方的服务措施并不能代表整个英国的情形。英国虽是由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰以及北爱尔兰所组成，但因后两者有其独特的立法与行政制度，所以在谈英国教育时多以前两者为主。在英国的特殊儿童教育体系中有专门针对自闭症儿童的教育计划。政府设置专门的自闭症学校，接收已被确诊为自闭症患者的学生；或在常规学校内设立特殊教育资源中心，中心内备有针对自闭症儿童教育的专门设备与特教人员，为在普通班就读的自闭症学生提供支持性服务。政府在培养特殊教育师资方面强调实施统合教育。师范院校内设有专门的了解自闭症教育与训练自闭症学生的特殊教育课程。统合教育的型态依其层次高低分成三类统合：地域化统合、社会性统合、功能性统合。 1.2 自闭症的发病率对自闭症的判断主要通过观察儿童行为。患病孩子的行为表现并不一样，即使同一个孩子随着年龄增长，其行为表现方式也会随之改变。自闭症行为改变深受病症严重程度、语言接收程度及患者性格的影响。长期研究表明，世界范围内的自闭症发病率相近，这说明自闭症不受种族或文化影响。当1943年凯纳论文发表时，自闭症被认为是一种罕见病症，大致每1万名儿童中仅2至4名患儿。自至20世纪90年代以后，人们逐渐发现，世界范围内的自闭症发病率不断上升。近年有文献估计，目前每1万名儿童中有高达60人患有此症。英国、加拿大和美国的相关研究表明，这些地区的自闭症发病率在过去10年中显著上升。自闭症现在已经被视为比唐氏综合征、儿童癌症更为普遍的疾病，通常男孩比女孩更容易患。从现有资料来看，患凯纳自闭症的男女比例为4:1；患爱斯博格综合征的男女比例大约为9:1 。如果不对自闭症进行分类，这个男女比例将上升至10:1。目前为止并不清楚男女比例失衡的原因，世界各地正对此展开研究。尝试从不同角度提出一些有意义的解释。对自闭症发病率急剧增加的解释大致分为以下几类： (1)世界范围内对自闭症关注程度的提高、诊断技术的发展和专家服务意识的不断提升，较有效地提高了识别患有各类不同自闭症的儿童的能力。 (2)诊断流程得到改良，使自闭症儿童能更快更有效地被识别出来。 (3)除了凯纳的定义，自闭系列症有了更广泛的定义。由于新增定义可以用来确认自闭症的表现形式，更多的患者在相关定义的诊断标准下被发现或确认。 (4)出现了更为先进的信息收集和阐释方法，这些信息被用于更为精准地计算发病率。目前，有关对自闭症的可能致病原因的研究还没有得出与环境有关的总结性结论，这些领域的研究正在进行之中。但许多国家的研究结果都发现，家庭基因的遗传影响是很重要的原因之一。某些家庭似乎存在着一条很强大的自闭症基因链，不间断地遗传下去，因此，有自闭症患病家史的孩子更容易患此症。并且，自闭症患儿的兄弟姐妹往往也存在某种程度的社交或学习困难，尽管他们并不属于患者行列。P1-5

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