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对“伪心理学”说不

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在星座血型、色彩性格等“伪心理学”大行其道的时代,本书告诉你什么才是真正的心理学
清华大学系主任强烈推荐给一般读者的心理学入门读物
科学松鼠会推荐的心理学入门书籍
全球300多所心理学教育机构采用
畅销二十余年,经久不衰,在心理学领域享有盛誉的经典著作

Content Description

在今天的大众媒体和图书市场上,到处充斥着关于潜能提升、心理操控、色彩星座、催眠读心等伪装成心理学的主题,更有一些伪心理学家、所谓的心理治疗师打着心理学的旗号欺世盗名,从中渔利。在浩如烟海、良莠不齐的心理学信息面前,如何拨除迷雾,去伪存真,成为一个明智的心理学信息的消费者呢?这本书将教给你科学实用的批判性思维技能,将真正的心理学研究从伪心理学中区分出来,告诉你什么才是真正的心理学。
《对“伪心理学”说不》第1版出版于1983 年,20 多年来一直被奉为心理学入门经典,在全球专业大学中享有盛誉,现在呈现在读者面前的是第8 版。这本书并不同于一般的心理学导论类教材,很多内容是心理学课堂上不曾讲授的,也是许多心理学教师在教学中感到只可意会而不可言传的。作者正是从此初衷出发,以幽默生动的语言,结合一些妙趣横生、贴近生活的实例,深入浅出地介绍了可证伪性、操作主义、实证主义、安慰剂效应、相关和因果、概率推理等心理学中的基本原则。与上一版相比,第8版更新了全新的研究资料和实例,扩展了信度、效度、元分析、随机取样与随机分配等问题的讨论。
本书不仅适合于心理学专业的学生,有助于建立心理学研究中必要的批判性思维技能与意识,而其通俗易读性也非常适合所有对心理学感兴趣的读者,它将帮助你纠正对心理学的种种误解,学会独立地评估心理学信息,用科学的精神和方法理解自己和他人的行为。此外,由于心理学与其他学科的共通性,本书也不失为一本精彩有趣的科学哲学类读物。

Author Description

基思·斯坦诺维奇(Keith E. Stanovich),目前担任加拿大多伦多大学人类发展与应用心理学的国家首席教授,他的研究领域是推理和阅读的心理学机制。他于2010年获得格威尔美尔教育奖(Grawemeyer Award in Education)。他至今已发表了200多篇科学论文。在一项对于论文引用率的调查中,斯坦诺维奇位列引用率很高的50位发展心理学家之一,也是25位很高产的教育心理学家之一。他所撰写的《对“伪心理学”说不》(How to Think Straight about Psychology)一书被全球300多所心理学高等教育机构采用。

Comments

这本“与众不同的心理学”教科书,总结了心理学家的职业特质,让每一位读者都有机会去理解我们心理学家是如何去思考、分析和解读人类的行为和心理的。每一章都将一个常识的、朴素的、直觉的有关人类心理的分析和思考与一个科学的、严谨的、心理学的分析和思考相对比,以帮助读者理解心理学家的分析逻辑和研究思路。
——彭凯平教授 清华大学心理学系系主任、美国加州大学伯克利分校心理学系终身教授

这本书在第一版时,我已经开始把它推荐给我的学生,那是十多年前的事了。现在它已经出到第八版了,可见它深受几代老师及学生的喜爱。阅读本书,可以让人们认识到及分辨出什么样的研究及数据才是真正科学的及可信的。为此,我不单只把它推荐给大专院校心理学系的学生作为研究方法课的教材,也强烈推荐给一般读者。
——杨中芳教授 中山大学心理学系前系主任
Catalogue

序言
第1章心理学充满生机(在科学阵营里左右逢源)
弗洛伊德问题
现代心理学的多样性
多样性的含义
科学的统一性
那么,什么是科学?
系统的实证主义
公共性的、可检验的知识:可重复性和同行评审
实证性的、可解决的问题:科学家对于可检验理论的研究
心理学和世俗智慧:“常识”的误区
心理学是一门年轻的科学
小结
第2章可证伪性——如何捕捉头脑中的小精灵
理论和可证伪性标准
敲门节奏理论
弗洛伊德与可证伪性
小精灵
不是所有的证实都等价
可证伪性和世俗智慧
承认错误的自由
想法不值钱
科学中的错误:接近真理
小结
第3章操作主义和本质主义——“但是,博士,这到底是什么意思?”
为什么科学家不是本质主义者
本质主义者喜欢咬文嚼字
操作主义者将概念和可观测事件联系在一起
信度和效度
直接和间接的操作性定义
科学概念的演进
心理学领域的操作性定义
作为人性化力量的操作主义
本质主义问题和对心理学的误解
操作主义和心理学问题的措辞
小结
第4章见证和个案研究证据——安慰剂效应和了不起的兰迪
个案研究的地位
为什么见证叙述毫无价值:安慰剂效应
“鲜活性”问题
单一个案的压倒性影响
了不起的兰迪:以彼之道,还施彼身
见证为伪科学打开方便之门
小结
第5章相关和因果——用“烤箱法”避孕
第三变量问题:戈德伯格与糙皮病
为什么戈德伯格的证据更好
方向性问题
选择性偏差
小结
第6章让一切置于控制之下——聪明汉斯的故事
斯诺与霍乱
比较、控制和操纵
随机分配与操纵共同定义了真实验
控制组的重要性
聪明汉斯——神马的故事
20世纪90年代的聪明汉斯
对变量分开考察:特殊条件
直觉物理学
直觉心理学
小结
第7章“但是这不是真实的生活!”——“人为性”批评和心理学
为什么自然性并非总是必要的
对“随机取样”的误解
随机分配和随机样本的区别
理论研究和应用研究的异同
心理学理论的应用
“大二学生”问题
正确看待“真实生活”和“大二学生”问题
小结
第8章避免爱因斯坦综合症——聚合性证据的重要性
关联性原则
消费者规则:警惕关联性原则的无效性
“跃进”模式与渐进整合模式的比较
聚合性证据:在瑕疵中进步
心理学中的聚合性证据
科学共识
研究方法和聚合性原则
向更有效的研究方法迈进
不要对矛盾数据感到绝望
小结
第9章打破“神奇子弹”的神话——多重原因的问题
交互作用
单一原因解释的诱惑
小结
第10章人类认知的阿喀琉斯之踵——概率推理
“某某人”统计学
概率推理以及对心理学的误解
有关概率推理的心理学研究
对概率信息的不充分利用
样本大小信息的误用
赌徒谬误
再谈统计与概率
小结
第11章偶然性在心理学中扮演的角色
试图解释偶然性事件的倾向
解释偶然性:错觉相关和控制错觉
偶然性和心理学
巧合
个人的巧合
接受错误以减少错误:临床预测与统计预测
小结
第12章不招人待见的心理学
心理学的形象问题
心理学和超自然心理学
自助类读物
菜谱式知识
心理学和其他学科
我们是自己最坏的敌人
每个人不都是心理学家吗
抵制科学心理学的根本原因
结束语
参考文献

Book Abstract

偶然性和随机性是我们周围环境不可分割的一部分。偶然性和随机性的规律支配着生物进化和基凶重组的机制,物理学也运用关于偶然性的统计定律来解释物质的基本结构。自然界发生的很多事情,都是系统性以及可解释的因素与偶然因素共同作用的结果。再回想一下前面谈到的例子:吸烟导致肺癌。生物学上系统的、可解释的方面将吸烟和某一疾病联系起来,但这并不表示所有吸烟者都会患肺癌,这种趋势是概率性的。或许最终我们能解释为什么有些吸烟者不会患肺癌,但在现阶段,这种变异性必须归因于大量偶然性因素,是这些因素决定一个人是否患某一疾病。
这个例子说明,当一件事取决于偶然性时,并不一定表示它是不确定的,只是说它目前是无法确定的。掷硬币是偶然事件,但并不是说在对抛掷的角度、硬币内的金属成分以及许多其他变量加以测量之后,也不可能确定其抛掷的结果。实际上,这些变量确实决定了掷硬币的结果。但是,我们称掷硬币为随机事件,是因为在每一次抛掷时,我们没有比较简易快捷的方法来测量这些变量。一次抛掷的结果并不是严格意义上的不确定,它只是在当下无法确定而已。
世界上的许多事件不能以系统性的因素来完全解释清楚,至少现在还不能。然而,当一一个特定的现象没有现成的系统解释的时候,我们头脑中的概念寻求“设备”往往仍在隆隆运转,试图将无意义的理论强加于原本随机的数据。心理学家曾对此现象进行了实验研究。一个实验情境中,要求被试观察一系列在多个维度上有所区别的刺激物,并告诉他们其中的一些刺激物属于一类,而其他的则属于另一类,被试的任务是去判断每一个刺激物属于这两类中的哪一类。实际上,刺激物是研究者随机归类的,因此除了随机性,并没有任何其他规律。但是,被试很少敢做随机猜测。相反地,他们通常会绞尽脑汁,虚构一个复杂的分类方法,并对他们给这些刺激物所做的分类做出解释。
……
Introduction

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