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机器学习

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机器学习

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内容全面;结构合理;叙述清楚;深入浅出。人工智能领域中文的开山之作!


相关图书推荐:

机器智能 人工智能领域的创新之作,三大主流方法的和谐统一!当今各种人工智能学说的集成创新。

人工智能:一种现代的方法(第3版 影印版) A Must Read for AI

人工智能:一种现代的方法(第3版)(翻译版) A Must Read for AI



Content Description

机器学习是计算机科学与人工智能的重要分支领域. 本书作为该领域的入门教材,在内容上尽可能涵盖机器学习基础知识的各方面. 全书共16 章,大致分为3 个部分:第1 部分(第1~3 章)介绍机器学习的基础知识;第2 部分(第4~10 章)讨论一些经典而常用的机器学习方法(决策树、神经网络、支持向量机、贝叶斯分类器、集成学习、聚类、降维与度量学习);第3 部分(第11~16 章)为进阶知识,内容涉及特征选择与稀疏学习、计算学习理论、半监督学习、概率图模型、规则学习以及强化学习等. 每章都附有习题并介绍了相关阅读材料,以便有兴趣的读者进一步钻研探索。

本书可作为高等院校计算机、自动化及相关专业的本科生或研究生教材,也可供对机器学习感兴趣的研究人员和工程技术人员阅读参考。


Author Description

周志华,南京大学计算机系教授,ACM杰出科学家,IEEE Fellow, IAPR Fellow, IET/IEE Fellow, 中国计算机学会会士。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者、长江学者特聘教授。先后担任多种SCI(E)期刊执行主编、副主编、副编辑、编委等。中国计算机学会人工智能与模式识别专业委员会主任,中国人工智能学会机器学习专业委员会主任,IEEE计算智能学会数据挖掘技术委员会副主席。

Catalogue

目录


第1章 1

1.1 引言 1

1.2 基本术 2

1.3 假设空间 4

1.4 归纳偏好 6

1.5 发展历程 10

1.6 应用现状 13

1.7 阅读材料 16

习题 19

参考文献 20

休息一会儿 22



第2章 模型评估与选择 23

2.1 经验误差与过拟合 23

2.2 评估方法 24

2.2.1 留出法 25

2.2.2 交叉验证法 26

2.2.3 自助法 27

2.2.4 调参与最终模型 28

2.3 性能度量 28

2.3.1 错误率与精度 29

2.3.2 查准率、查全率与F1 30

2.3.3 ROC与AUC 33

2.3.4 代价敏感错误率与代价曲线 35

2.4 比较检验 37

2.4.1 假设检验 37

2.4.2 交叉验证t检验 40

2.4.3 McNemar检验 41

2.4.4 Friedman检验与后续检验 42

2.5 偏差与方差 44

2.6 阅读材料 46

习题 48

参考文献 49

休息一会儿 51



第3章 线性模型 53

3.1 基本形式 53

3.2 线性回归 53

3.3 对数几率回归 57

3.4 线性判别分析 60

3.5 多分类学习 63

3.6 类别不平衡问题 66

3.7 阅读材料 67

习题 69

参考文献 70

休息一会儿 72



第4章 决策树 73

4.1 基本流程 73

4.2 划分选择 75

4.2.1 信息增益 75

4.2.2 增益率 77

4.2.3 基尼指数 79

4.3 剪枝处理 79

4.3.1 预剪枝 80

4.3.2 后剪枝 82

4.4 连续与缺失值 83

4.4.1 连续值处理 83

4.4.2 缺失值处理 85

4.5 多变量决策树 88

4.6 阅读材料 92

习题 93

参考文献 94

休息一会儿 95



第5章 神经网络 97

5.1 神经元模型 97

5.2 感知机与多层网络 98

5.3 误差逆传播算法 101

5.4 全局最小与局部极小 106

5.5 其他常见神经网络 108

5.5.1 RBF网络 108

5.5.2 ART网络 108

5.5.3 SOM网络 109

5.5.4 级联相关网络 110

5.5.5 Elman网络 111

5.5.6 Boltzmann机 111

5.6 深度学习 113

5.7 阅读材料 115

习题 116

参考文献 117

休息一会儿 120



第6章 支持向量机 121

6.1 间隔与支持向量 121

6.2 对偶问题 123

6.3 核函数 126

6.4 软间隔与正则化 129

6.5 支持向量回归 133

6.6 核方法 137

6.7 阅读材料 139

习题 141

参考文献 142

休息一会儿 145



第7章 贝叶斯分类器 147

7.1 贝叶斯决策论 147

7.2 极大似然估计 149

7.3 朴素贝叶斯分类器 150

7.4 半朴素贝叶斯分类器 154

7.5 贝叶斯网 156

7.5.1 结构 157

7.5.2 学习 159

7.5.3 推断 161

7.6 EM算法 162

7.7 阅读材料 164

习题 166

参考文献 167

休息一会儿 169



第8章 集成学习 171

8.1 个体与集成 171

8.2 Boosting 173

8.3 Bagging与随机森林 178

8.3.1 Bagging 178

8.3.2 随机森林 179

8.4 结合策略 181

8.4.1 平均法 181

8.4.2 投票法 182

8.4.3 学习法 183

8.5 多样性 185

8.5.1 误差--分歧分解 185

8.5.2 多样性度量 186

8.5.3 多样性增强 188

8.6 阅读材料 190

习题 192

参考文献 193

休息一会儿 196




第9章 聚类 197

9.1 聚类任务 197

9.2 性能度量 197

9.3 距离计算 199

9.4 原型聚类 202

9.4.1 k均值算法 202

9.4.2 学习向量量化 204

9.4.3 高斯混合聚类 206

9.5 密度聚类 211

9.6 层次聚类 214

9.7 阅读材料 217

习题 220

参考文献 221

休息一会儿 224



第10章 降维与度量学习 225

10.1 k近邻学习 225

10.2 低维嵌入 226

10.3 主成分分析 229

10.4 核化线性降维 232

10.5 流形学习 234

10.5.1 等度量映射 234

10.5.2 局部线性嵌入 235

10.6 度量学习 237

10.7 阅读材料 240

习题 242

参考文献 243

休息一会儿 246



第11章 特征选择与稀疏学习 247

11.1 子集搜索与评价 247

11.2 过滤式选择 249

11.3 包裹式选择 250

11.4 嵌入式选择与L$_1$正则化 252

11.5 稀疏表示与字典学习 254

11.6 压缩感知 257

11.7 阅读材料 260

习题 262

参考文献 263

休息一会儿 266




第12章 计算学习理论 267

12.1 基础知识 267

12.2 PAC学习 268

12.3 有限假设空间 270

12.3.1 可分情形 270

12.3.2 不可分情形 272

12.4 VC维 273

12.5 Rademacher复杂度 279

12.6 稳定性 284

12.7 阅读材料 287

习题 289

参考文献 290

休息一会儿 292



第13章 半监督学习 293

13.1 未标记样本 293

13.2 生成式方法 295

13.3 半监督SVM 298

13.4 图半监督学习 300

13.5 基于分歧的方法 304

13.6 半监督聚类 307

13.7 阅读材料 311

习题 313

参考文献 314

休息一会儿 317




第14章 概率图模型 319

14.1 隐马尔可夫模型 319

14.2 马尔可夫随机场 322

14.3 条件随机场 325

14.4 学习与推断 328

14.4.1 变量消去 328

14.4.2 信念传播 330

14.5 近似推断 331

14.5.1 MCMC采样 331

14.5.2 变分推断 334

14.6 话题模型 337

14.7 阅读材料 339

习题 341

参考文献 342

休息一会儿 345



第15章 规则学习 347

15.1 基本概念 347

15.2 序贯覆盖 349

15.3 剪枝优化 352

15.4 一阶规则学习 354

15.5 归纳逻辑程序设计 357

15.5.1 最小一般泛化 358

15.5.2 逆归结 359

15.6 阅读材料 363

习题 365

参考文献 366

休息一会儿 369




第16章 强化学习 371

16.1 任务与奖赏 371

16.2 $K$-摇臂赌博机 373

16.2.1 探索与利用 373

16.2.2 $\epsilon $-贪心 374

16.2.3 Softmax 375

16.3 有模型学习 377

16.3.1 策略评估 377

16.3.2 策略改进 379

16.3.3 策略迭代与值迭代 381

16.4 免模型学习 382

16.4.1 蒙特卡罗强化学习 383

16.4.2 时序差分学习 386

16.5 值函数近似 388

16.6 模仿学习 390

16.6.1 直接模仿学习 391

16.6.2 逆强化学习 391

16.7 阅读材料 393

习题 394

参考文献 395

休息一会儿 397



附录 399

A 矩阵 399

B 优化 403

C 概率分布 409


后记 417


索引 419


Introduction

这是一本面向中文读者的机器学习教科书,为了使尽可能多的读者通过本书对机器学习有所了解,作者试图尽可能少地使用数学知识。然而,少量的概率、统计、代数、优化、逻辑知识似乎不可避免。因此,本书更适合大学三年级以上的理工科本科生和研究生,以及具有类似背景的对机器学习感兴趣的人士。为方便读者,本书附录给出了一些相关数学基础知识简介。
全书共16章,大体上可分为3个部分:第1部分包括第1~3章,介绍机器学习基础知识;第2部分包括第4~10章,介绍一些经典而常用的机器学习方法;第3部分包括第11~16章,介绍一些进阶知识。前3章之外的后续各章均相对独立,读者可根据自己的兴趣和时间情况选择使用。根据课时情况,一个学期的本科生课程可考虑讲授前9章或前10章;研究生课程则不妨使用全书。
书中除第1章外,每章都给出了十道习题。有的习题是帮助读者巩固本章学习,有的是为了引导读者扩展相关知识。一学期的一般课程可使用这些习题,再辅以两到三个针对具体数据集的大作业。带星号的习题则有相当难度,有些并无现成答案,谨供富有进取心的读者启发思考。
本书在内容上尽可能涵盖机器学习基础知识的各方面,但作为机器学习入门读物且因授课时间的考虑,很多重要、前沿的材料未能覆盖,即便覆盖到的部分也仅是管中窥豹,更多的内容留待读者在进阶课程中学习。为便于有兴趣的读者进一步钻研探索,本书每章均介绍了一些阅读材料,谨供读者参考。
笔者以为,对学科相关的重要人物和事件有一定了解,将会增进读者对该学科的认识。本书在每章最后都写了一个与该章内容相关的小故事,希望有助于读者增广见闻,并且在紧张的学习过程中稍微放松调剂一下。
书中不可避免地涉及大量外国人名,若全部译为中文,则读者在日后进一步阅读文献时或许会对不少人名产生陌生感,不利于进一步学习。
因此,本书仅对一般读者耳熟能详的名字如“图灵”等加以直接使用,对故事中的一些主要人物给出了译名,其他则保持外文名。
机器学习发展极迅速,目前已成为一个广袤的学科,罕有人士能对其众多分支领域均有精深理解。笔者自认才疏学浅,仅略知皮毛,更兼时间和精力所限,书中错谬之处在所难免,若蒙读者诸君不吝告知,将不胜感激。

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