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汗青堂丛书022:罗马元老院与人民: 一部古罗马史

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汗青堂丛书022:罗马元老院与人民: 一部古罗马史

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;世界著名古典学者之一集50多年工作成果写成的打破传统叙述的罗马通史

;吸收考古学、钱币学、铭文学等多个研究领域研究,语言幽默生动,全方位、多层面、多角度审视罗马历史与生活


Content Description

作为一个经历了王制、共和制、帝制三种政体并持续存在超过千年的国家,古罗马的历史始终吸引着世人的思考和研究。

本书是一位世界一流古典学家凝聚了50多年的工作成果写成的一部全新的罗马史。作者选取罗马的政治枢纽“罗马元老院与人民”(SPQR)为切入点,巧妙而深刻地以公元前63年西塞罗对垒喀提林的事件开篇,充满热情地向读者讲述了罗马的故事。书中不仅探讨了罗马如何从意大利中部一个无足轻重的小村落成长为疆域横跨三大洲的帝国,还揭示了罗马人是如何看待自己和自己取得的成就的。作者始终同时从外部视角和内部视角描述罗马历史的各个阶段。同时,书中还渗透着强烈的现实关怀,在作者讨论罗马的军事扩张、民主、移民、宗教冲突、社会流动、公民权和剥削等问题时,我们时时都会看到今日世界的影子,从

而明白古罗马对我们为何仍然是重要的。

全书框架宏大,却充满了生动的细节,虽然大量采用了考古学、钱币学、铭文学的新成果,却基本不使用专业术语。作者以平实而幽默的笔触讲了许多故事的“另一面”,挑战了传统观点,为读者呈现了一个虽然仍有许多未解之谜却生动迷人的罗马。


Author Description

英国著名古典学家,剑桥大学古典学教授,由于她对古典文明研究做出的长期贡献,2018年受封爵士。她长期担任《泰晤士报文学增刊》的古典学编辑,她的博客“一个剑桥教授的生活”广受欢迎,并与英国广播公司合作拍摄了多部与古罗马和古代文明相关的纪录片。主要著作:《罗马宗教》(Religions of Rome, 1998)、《罗马凯旋式》(The Roman Triumph, 2007)、《庞贝:一座罗马城市的生活》(Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town, 2008)。其中《庞贝》一书荣获2009年沃尔夫森历史奖。


Introduction

前言

罗马的历史

古罗马是重要的。忽视罗马人不仅只是对遥远的过去视而不见。从高深的理论到通俗的喜剧,我们理解世界和思考自身的方式仍然受到罗马的影响。历经2000 年,它仍在支撑着西方的文化与政治,是我们写什么和如何看待世界的基础,决定着我们在世界中的位置。

公元前44 年,尤里乌斯·恺撒在被罗马人称作“3 月望日”1的那天遇刺,此事为后来的刺杀暴君行动提供了模板,有时还提供了不甚合适的理由。罗马帝国的疆域构成了现代欧洲和周边地区政治地理的基础。伦敦成为英国首都的主要理由在于,罗马人将其作为他们的不列颠行省——在他们看来,这是一片位于围绕文明世界的环洋彼岸的危险土地——的治所。罗马留给我们的不仅是帝国的剥削,还有自由和公民权的理念,以及从“ 参议员到“ 独裁者”等一系列现代政治词汇。“ 害怕希腊人送礼”1“ 面包和竞技”2“ 罗马着火时还在弹琴”3,这些都是我们从罗马人那里借用的名言,连“ 活着就有希望”也是。4 它引发了差不多同等程度的笑声、惊愕和恐惧。和当时一样,角斗士今天仍然是票房明星。维吉尔描述罗马奠基的伟大史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》在20 世纪的读者数量几乎肯定要超过1 世纪时的。

不过,罗马史的面貌在过去50 年间发生了巨大改变,在从爱德华·吉本创作《罗马帝国衰亡史》之后的差不多250 年间更是如此,而正是吉本那次别具一格的史学实验为近代英语世界的罗马史研究拉开了帷幕。之所以发生了改变,部分原因是出现了看待旧证据的新方式,以及我们选择对其提出了不同的问题。那种认为我们是比前辈更好的历史学家的想法是一个危险的神话。这不是真实情况。但我们研究罗马史的侧重点——从性别身份到食物供应——有所不同,这使古老的过去用新的语言向我们倾诉。

此外,我们还有了一系列来自地下、水下,甚至是被遗忘在图书馆中的不寻常的新发现,它们呈现了来自古代的新东西,告诉我们的古罗马相关信息要超过此前任何近代的史学家所能知道的。现在,我们拥有了一份2005 年才在一所希腊修道院中发现的”抄本,上面是一位罗马医生在火灾中失去宝贵财产后写下的动人文章。我们找到了未能抵达罗马的地中海货船残骸,以及船里装载着的准备运往富人家中的异邦雕塑、家具和玻璃制品,还有葡萄酒和橄榄油等人人需要的日常物资。在我写作本书的同时,考古学家们正在细心地检测从格陵兰岛冰盖中钻取的样本,发现即使在那里也有被罗马工业污染的痕迹。另一些人正把从意大利南部赫库兰尼姆一个粪坑中找到的人类排泄物置于显微镜下,试图确定进入和排出普通罗马人消化道的食物品种。结果发现他们至少吃了许多蛋和海胆。

罗马史正在一如既往地被不断改写,在某些方面,我们对古罗马的了解超过了罗马人自己。换句话说,罗马史研究是一项不断发展的工作。本书是我对这个更宏大项目的贡献,给出了我关于罗马史为何重要的理由。书名来自另一句罗马名言:罗马元老院与人民(Senatus PopulusQue Romanus)。写作本书的动力来自我个人对罗马历史的好奇,来自我坚信与古罗马进行对话仍然很有价值,来自一个疑惑——意大利中部那个毫不起眼的小村落是如何成为三大洲大片土地上如此强大的统治者的?

本书的主题是罗马如何成长以及如此长久地维持了其地位,而非它如何衰落和灭亡,如果它确实经历了吉本所想象的那样的衰亡。我们可以为罗马的历史构想多种合适的终点,有人选择公元337 年君士坦丁皇帝在临终时皈依基督教,或者公元410 年罗马城被阿拉里克和他麾下的西哥特人洗劫。我选择的终点是公元212 年的高潮时刻,当时卡拉卡拉皇帝做出决定,让每一位帝国内的自由居民都获得完整的罗马公民权,消除了征服者和被征服者间的差异,完成了从将近1000 年前开始的扩大罗马公民权利和特权的过程。

不过,《罗马元老院与人民》并非单纯的赞美之作。古典世界( 希腊和罗马)中有许多地方能引发我们的兴趣、吸引我们的注意。如果不继续同那个世界发生互动,我们的世界将会变得无比贫瘠。但赞美是另一回事。幸运的是,我生在当下这个时代,当听到人们谈论“ 伟大”的罗马征服者,甚至是罗马的“ 伟大”帝国时,我会感到愤怒。我尝试学会了从另一面看待事物。事实上,《罗马元老院与人民》探讨了一些我和许多人从小听说的关于罗马的神话和片面事实。罗马人最初并没有征服世界的宏大计划。虽然最终他们用昭昭天命来夸耀自己的帝国,但他们在整个地中海世界和周边地区进行军事扩张背后的最初动机仍然是历史上的重大谜题之一。在建立帝国的过程中,罗马人并不是在粗暴地践踏一些在他们的军团出现在地平线之前一直与世无争地做着自己的事的无辜民族。罗马人的胜利无疑是残酷的。恺撒对高卢的征服被不无理由地比作种族屠杀,当时的罗马人也对此提出了类似的批评。但罗马在其中展开扩张的那个世界并非由一系列和平相处的社群组成,而是充满了迷你帝国和以军事力量作为支持( 事实上不存在任何别的支持)的地方性权力基地,这些基地之间相互敌对充满暴力冲突。罗马的大部分敌人和罗马人一样黩武,但由于一些我将试图给出的理由,他们没能取胜。

有人认为罗马人致力于工程、军事效率和专制,而希腊人则偏爱研究、戏剧和民主。一些罗马人觉得可以断言情况的确如此,许多现代史学家也觉得可以用简单的二分法将古典世界描绘成截然不同的两种文化,但罗马不完全是古典希腊的暴虐小兄弟。正如我们将会看到的,这在两个方面都有误导之嫌。希腊城邦和罗马人一样热衷于赢得战斗,大部分城邦与雅典短暂的民主实验几乎没有任何关系。而有几位罗马作家完全没有不假思索地拥护帝国力量,反而是帝国主义有史以来最激烈的批评者。“ 他们制造荒凉,却称其为和平”这句口号常被用来总结军事征服的后果。它出自公元2 世纪的罗马史学家塔西陀笔下,指的是罗马在不列颠的统治。

研究罗马史是一项重大挑战。不存在罗马的单一历史,特别是当罗马世界远远扩张到意大利以外后。罗马的历史不同于罗马的不列颠或阿非利加行省的历史。我将主要关注罗马城和罗马人的意大利,但我也会注意采用从生活在帝国更广阔领土上的士兵、反叛者或有野心的合作者的视角从外部观察罗马。而且,不同时期需要不同的写法。对于罗马最古老时期的历史和它在公元前4世纪从一个小村落发展为意大利半岛上重要力量的过程,同时代的罗马人没有写下任何记录。那段故事只能依靠大胆的重建,必须尽可能地充分利用每一条证据,譬如一块陶片或者石头上铭刻着的几个字母。仅仅3 个世纪后,问题则变得完全相反,成了如何理解大量相互矛盾的同时代证据,它们可能会让任何做出清晰的叙事的尝试都面临陷入困境的危险。

研究罗马史还需要一种特别的想象。在某些方面,从21 世纪探索古罗马很像走钢丝,需要非常小心地保持平衡。如果你低头看这一边,一切似乎都令人放心地眼熟:那里有关于自由的本质或性问题的谈话,连我们几乎都可以加入进去;有我们眼熟的建筑和纪念碑,有我们理解的家庭生活方式,包括他们讨人厌的少年子女;还有让我们“ 心照不宣”的笑话。而另一边看上去则是完全陌生的世界。这不仅是指奴隶制、肮脏( 古罗马几乎没有诸如垃圾收集之类的机制)、角斗场上的杀人和我们现在认为不值一提的疾病造成的死亡,也包括新生儿被丢在垃圾堆上、童婚和夺人眼球的阉人祭司。

我们将通过罗马历史上的一个特别时刻开始探索这个世界,罗马人始终为其大伤脑筋,从史学家到剧作家的现代作者也从未停止对它的争论。它最有成效地介绍了古罗马的一些关键特征,展现了罗马人对自身历史之讨论的丰富多彩,以及我们如何重温和试图理解那段历史的方式,并为我们解释了为何罗马的历史以及它的元老院和人民仍然是重要的。


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