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Jingdong book

过劳时代(岩波新书精选01)

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过劳时代(岩波新书精选01)

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■首次引进,国内首部关于“过劳”问题的跨学科经典。“过劳”“过劳死”“猝死”——这些触目惊心的名词,近年来常登上社会新闻。亚健康、壮年早逝,抑郁症、神经失调、社交恐惧症,心理问题与生理疾病交织,成为现代社会一大痛点。

■一边是物质生活的极大丰富,一边是精神生活的极度贫瘠。放眼全#球,审视现代人的心理,提出从根源上摆脱过劳的方法。

■日本经济学、社会学家森冈孝二,研究过劳问题十数年,曾推动日本政府为解决过劳现象而立法。他以大量数据立论,探寻过劳时代背后的深层原因,并提出改革社会结构、转变工作方式的构想。

■本书是“岩波新书精选”系列的首部作品。

“新书”是诞生于日本的独特出版物。它的特点是:小而紧凑,大多为十万字;通俗易懂,节奏轻快;著者皆为名家,皆为一时之选。

“岩波新书”在日本被称为“修养新书”,以培养现代人的现代性文化修养为己任,致力于知识的普及与更新。

“岩波新书精选”系列从岩波书店出版的3200种“新书”中严格挑选出十三部作品,选书、翻译、做书,历时五年,精心翻译,精心编辑,并邀请了专家校译。编者试图从“岩波新书”的大花园里采撷几朵,以飨读者。

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Content Description

从欧洲到美国,从日本到发展中国家,人们曾经期待的“休闲型社会”并未到来,“过度劳累的时代”却开始了。为何生产力在发展,人们却越来越疲于奔命?物质享受越来越丰富,业余时间越来越少。其根源在于社会结构还是个人心理?贫富差距、交通安#全、性别歧视……过劳现象折射出现代社会的诸多问题。

本书从全#球化、信息技术、消费社会、管制放松等角度,分析了过劳背后的社会动向,指出现代人的普遍心理特征,并介绍了荷兰、美国以及日本等国家为解决过劳现象而作出的尝试。关西大学经济学家森冈孝二以大量数据、详实案例立论,集十数年研究成果之大成,为我们披露过劳时代的实貌。

Author Description

森冈孝二(1944—2018),毕业于香川大学经济学部。日本经济学家,关西大学名誉教授。长期担任“大阪过劳死问题联络会”会长,推动了2014年日本《过劳死等防治对策推进法》的制定。研究方向为股份公司论、企业社会论和工作时间论。主要著作有《企业中心社会的时间结构》《日本经济的选择》《弄虚作假的财务结算》等。

米彦军,出生于1970年,现任山西大学外国语学院副教授,硕士生导师。研究方向为日本文学、日本思想史、日语词汇学。主要著作有《德富苏峰的右翼思想研究》《解说平遥》(译著)、《日本新地方财政调整制度概论》等。

Catalogue

致中国读者i

推荐序v

中文版自序xiii

序章过劳的悲鸣声声入耳001

“过劳死诊断电脑”因为过劳而瘫痪.........................003

这种事合理吗?.........................................................007

合同工和兼职员工都过劳..........................................008

在医院找回了正常人的生活......................................010

“过劳死110”和不断增加的过劳死工伤认定...........012

并非自愿无偿加班.....................................................016

“要更努力地工作,日本人!”...................................018

高度资本主义催生出过劳时代..................................020

第一章遍及世界的过劳

—全球化资本主义的逆流025

从工时缩短的时代到过劳的时代...............................027

过度劳累的美国人.....................................................030

双职工工作时间的增加及家庭与工作的矛盾............032

白领职场也沦为“血汗工厂”....................................036

股价至上主义经营模式是过劳的原因之一................039

过劳和过劳死在英国也成了一大问题.......................041

德国的劳资双方就延长工作时间达成协议................045

法国出现修改每周35小时工作制的动向..................047

工作时间争论的国际化..............................................049

工作时间的全球性竞争..............................................050

第二章家里家外都变成了职场

—信息资本主义的冲击055

信息革命让工作量增加、工作时间延长...................057

工业革命场景重现.....................................................058

“电脑之子”麦当劳...................................................061

今天的高科技企业和外包业务的扩大.......................063

信息化导致日本也多采用非正式员工.......................065

“无所不在的网络”时代............................................066

迷恋手机和电子邮件的日本大学生...........................069

自从有了通信工具,家里家外都成了职场................072

“浪漫的夜晚也白白断送”..........................................074

技术压力—不安症和上瘾症..................................077

软件开发现场:“加班理所当然”“假日也要工作”

“抑郁症患者剧增”..............................................079

第三章被消费改变的雇佣与劳动

—消费型资本主义的陷阱083

消费型资本主义的产生..............................................085

竞争性消费和“工作与消费循环”.............................087

消费主义既铺张浪费也污染环境...............................089

“美好的交易时代”.....................................................092

工作很辛苦,就业不稳定..........................................093

便利店和深夜营业.....................................................096

快递的便利性与过重劳动..........................................098

发展迅猛的网购背后仍是体力劳动...........................101

以速度取胜的单车信使..............................................104

学生打零工和消费型资本主义..................................106

第四章劳动管制的放松与两极分化

—自由职业者资本主义的巨浪111

新自由主义和市场个人主义......................................113

劳动管制的放松和劳务中介商机...............................115

引进“白领排除制”的目的......................................118

工作时间和加班时间界限模糊?...............................119

雇佣形式不断多样化,雇佣关系越来越不稳定........121

雇佣形式的多样化和收入的两极分化.......................124

工作时间两极分化严重..............................................129

过劳之最:30多岁的男性—4人中有1人每周

工作60小时以上...............................................132

开始整顿无偿加班.....................................................133

废除《缩短工时促进法》,降下全年工作1800小

时的旗帜............................................................135

何谓工作时间个人化?..............................................137

如何评价“自发性过劳”?.......................................140

从最高法院判决看雇主保障劳动者健康的义务........143

第五章劳动准则和生活方式145

关于工作时间的历史回顾..........................................147

限制和缩短工作时间的历程......................................150

ILO的劳动标准和日本的《劳动基准法》..................152

架空《劳动基准法》的“三六协议”.........................155

美国的“工作与生活平衡运动”................................159

英国的“工作与生活平衡运动”................................160

工作时间就是生活方式..............................................164

兼职时薪改革与“荷兰模式”....................................167

日本男女的工作时间差距与收入差距.......................169

美国的减速生活者增加..............................................171

日本人生活方式的种种转变......................................172

菜园家庭革命............................................................175

生活方式运动也会带来商机吗?...............................177

终章给过劳踩刹车181

对饮食、睡眠和家庭生活的现状,你满意吗?........183

工作太忙,无暇往来邻里,也无暇参与选举............186

过劳危险多................................................................189

长时间密集劳动诱发交通事故..................................190

工作压力太大,抑郁症患者增多...............................192

给过劳踩刹车............................................................194

缩短工作时间,杜绝超负荷工作—防止过劳的

方针与对策.........................................................196

后记211

附录215

参考文献.....................................................................217

写在岩波新书新赤版第1000部出版之际.........................229

Book Abstract

快递的便利性与过重劳动

与便利店和超市相似,快递服务的经营优势也在于方便。通过指定时间段的翌日送达服务,人们可以将快递寄往日本国内几乎任何地方,若是近距离快递,则可实现当日送达。日本国土交通省“快递服务业绩”调查显示,1985—2003年,快递(卡车运输)的货物件数从4亿9300万增长到了28亿300万(新邮局新邮包除外)。除此之外,快递服务也参与信件投递,2003年度,信件投递业务量达到13亿4500万册。

快递业以工作时间长而著称,眼下虽尚无专门的快递业工作时间统计,但公路货物运输业的工作时间可参考厚生劳动省的“每月劳动统计调查”:不包括无偿加班在内,每月有偿劳动时间达184小时,每年工作时间达2300小时(2003年平均值)。据日本总务省“劳动力调查”统计,包括无偿加班在内的实际工作时间为每周50小时,每年2600小时。其中,男性员工的工作时间为每周53小时,每年工作时间达2700小时以上。在从事公路货物运输的男性员工中,仅就负责快递收货、送货等工作的“销售人员”而言,每周平均工作时间竟长达56小时,换算成每年工作时间约为2900小时(2004年平均值)。

2004年,所有产业的年平均工作时间约为1700小时。按照这个时间计算,快递行业的加班时间为一天5小时,一周25小时,一个月100小时,一年1200小时。本书序章开头曾提到,厚生劳动省指出:“若规定时间外劳动或假日劳动的平均工时超过每月100小时,或者在2~6个月里,每月平均工时超过80小时,就属于超负荷工作,可能会引发心脑疾病。”换句话说,这就是过劳死的警戒线。按照这个标准,包括快递行业在内的公路货物运输业的“平均”工作时间已经超过了过劳死警戒线。劳动基准市民监察员网的简易咨询版块上有一份运输公司员工之妻投来的稿件,这样看来,其内容也是相当可信的:

简单写一下我丈夫一周的工作情况:每天8点半至18点,装卸货物,其间总共能在卡车里休息一个小时左右;18点至翌日4点,开车、装卸货物,其间能在卡车里歇息一个小时左右;4点至8点半,睡觉,偶尔睡到9点左右。每天如此。

工作太忙,无暇往来邻里,也无暇参与选举

工作时间过长不仅危害家庭生活,也妨碍社区活动。最为明显的是,在PTA或者社区自治会的集体活动上总是很难见到父亲们的身影。人们花在工作上的时间越长,就越没有时间参加社区义务活动,于是人际关系变得冷淡,社区公共事务和互帮互助活动越来越难以维持。筋疲力尽的人越多,人们对他人的同情心就越少,人与人之间的关系会越来越疏远。

日本内阁府以60岁以上的老年人为对象,进行了题为“有关老年人生活和意识的国际比较调查”,上述《厚生劳动白皮书》在参考这一资料的基础上,对“邻里交往水平”进行了图示分析(见图终—1)。从该图可以看出,和其他国家相比,“几乎每天”都有机会和朋友及邻人交谈的日本人所占比例较低,而一周几乎没有机会和朋友及邻人交谈的日本人所占比例较高。这一倾向在日本男性当中更加明显。只有不到两成的人“几乎每天”都有机会和邻人交谈,超过三成的人几乎没有机会和邻人交谈—在日本、美国、韩国、德国、瑞典几个国家中,只有日本是这样。如果那些已经告别职业生涯的老年人与近邻都只有这种程度的交往,在职人员就更不用说了。另外,《厚生劳动白皮书》还指出,那些将大半时间花在工作上、和社区联系非常少的人一旦退了休、离开企业,就很容易陷入闭门不出的状态。

在今天的日本这种长时间工作和长时间通勤已成常态的社会,人们要参与职业生活以外的社会生活是很不容易的。结果,想要参加文化生活和体育活动也变得困难,人们只能参加一些被动性的、暂时性的活动。参与政治生活的机会也减少了,最需要政治帮助的人却最为远离政治。

关于这一点,可参考2004年7月日本参议院选举前《朝日新闻》上刊登的一份投稿,该投稿来自一名家庭主妇。她在文章中说,她的丈夫因为工作时间过长,根本没有时间参加选举投票;她还呼吁人们“要是不想过劳而死,请好好考虑并参与投票”:

(我丈夫)早上随便吃几口早饭就得赶快出门;晚上要赶末班电车,下车后还要走一站地才能到家,这还算早的。丈夫的日常生活就是这样。

说到这次的参议院选举,丈夫回家后既看不到政治新闻,也没有时间看报,根本接触不到和竞选人、政党相关的信息,这种状况必然导致投票率降低,对执政党有利。

工薪阶层的税金、养老金、养老护理保险都从工资中直接扣除。就算任劳任怨地默默工作,在过劳死之前也享受不到养老金和护理服务。这对政府来说大概是好事。若是不想过劳而死,就请大家好好考虑,参与投票吧。(2004年7月8日,主妇,名古屋市,43岁)

长时间密集劳动诱发交通事故

在第三章我们曾谈到,大巴、公交车、卡车、电车等机动车司机的长时间密集劳动容易诱发交通事故。20世纪70年代,ILO在一本关于“工作时间”的小册子里对卡车司机进行了调查,该调查称:开车时间越长,事故发生率也越高。尤其是开夜车,虽然夜间交通量较小,发生事故的概率却非常高。国土交通省“机动车辆运输业交通事故要因分析讨论会”的资料显示,由于司机超负荷工作且睡眠不足,高速路上经常发生连环撞车等恶性交通事故,造成严重损失;有的虽未造成事故,但司机因工作日程过密而屡屡超速、被交警公布其所属单位的事件也层出不穷。

2002年8月,在日本三重县铃鹿市东名阪的高速路下行方向上,一辆大型卡车撞进堵车的车列,造成5人死亡、6人轻重伤。事故后发现,卡车司机由于疲劳驾驶而意识蒙眬,事故发生当时已经睡着了。2003年5月,津地方法院认定运输公司的两名运营管理者要求肇事司机进行了超负荷工作,“不顾自身肩负改善司机劳动条件的责任,轻易让其从事超负荷工作,责任重大”,对二人做出了缓期执行的有罪判决。

我们曾在第三章谈到2005年4月25日JR西日本宝冢线(福知山线)的快速列车出轨事故。大众媒体的报道指出,导致这起JR历史上最严重交通事故的原因是安全管理不到位:司机由于驶过站台造成延误,为了挽回时间而超速行驶;公司对司机采取了高压管理政策;公司为了和阪急铁路争抢客源,制定了过度高速化且无任何预留时间的铁路时刻表;未安装最新式的列车自动停车装置(ATS-P)以防超速;在公司民营化后,实行了优先利益、忽视安全的经营体制,等等。上述事故所涉路段原本叫作福知山线,由于与阪急铁路的宝冢线并行,JR西日本公司也将其称作宝冢线,借此加大宣传效果。从这一点便可看出公司是多么沉迷于追逐利润和争抢客源。在JR西日本大阪分部制定的2005年度“分部方针”中,“赚钱”被列为首要目标,至于安全问题,则被其明目张胆地放在了次要位置。

谈到工作时间与事故的联系,值得注意的是,就在事故发生的前一天,司机从下午1点半一直工作到夜里11点左右。在事故当天,他于上午6:05完成出勤点名,并于6:48准备开始工作。据说在电车出发前通常要花30分钟进行“出区检查”,以便确认车内环境和机器状况。也就是说,事故当日司机刚刚上过夜班,然后又从早上6点多一直工作到事故发生的上午9:18前后。

JR西日本公司为了提高利润并与其他民营铁路竞争速度,将停车和运行中的预留时间压缩到了极限,这不仅是这次发生事故的宝冢线所独有的现象。最近更要求司机严格遵守定时驾驶,并以平时容易误点的列车为对象,一年内多次勒令其以秒为单位汇报延误情况。不得不说,这次的事故正是这种优先速度、严守时间的运行方式导致的。

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Brand Origin China

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Yami Gift Card

Get this exclusive deal when paying with gift card

Terms and Conditions

Gift card deals are special offers for selected products;

The gift card deals will automatically be activated if a customer uses gift card balance at check out and the balance is sufficient to pay for the total price of the shopping cart products with gift card deals;

You will not be able to activate the gift card deals if you choose other payment methods besides gift card. The products will be purchased at their normal prices;

If your account balance is not enough to pay for the products with gift card deals, you can choose to reload your gift card balance by clicking on the Reload button at either shopping cart page or check out page;

Products that have gift card deals can be recognized by a special symbol showing 'GC Deal';

For any additional questions or concerns, please contact our customer service;

Yamibuy reserves the right of final interpretation.

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Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

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Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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Jingdong book

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