剑桥医学英语

professional English in Use Medicine contains 60 units covering a wide variety of medical vocabulary. Topics include diseases and symptoms， investigations， treatment， examining， and prevention. The book also introduces general medical vocabulary related to parts and tuncions of the body， medical and para medical personnel， education and training， research， and presentations. Primarily designed as a self study reference and practice book， it can also be used for classroom work and one [o one lessons and is suitable for intermediate and upper intermediate studuents
Protessional English in Use Medicine has been carefully researched using the Institute for Applied Language Studies medical corpus， as well as authentic texts， document sand cases 60 easy-to-use units： vocabulary items are presented and explained in context on left-hand pages with a range of practice exercises on right-hand pages. A focus on functional language， such as taking a history and examining， gives learners the confidence and ability to function in English in a medical environment."Over to you sections allow learners to apply the vocabulary they have learned in the unit to their own working lives.Includes a comprehensive， learner-friendly answer key and index.
Protessional English in Use Medicine is a must for medical practitioners who need to use English at work or for study， either in their own country or abroad.

INTRODUCTION
BASICS
1 Health and illness
A Asking about health
B Sickness
C Recovery

2 Parts of the body 1
A Parts of the body
B Referring to parts of the body
C Describing radiation of pain

3 Parts of the body 2
A The abdomen
B The chest
C The pelvis

4 Functions of the body
A Eating
B The five senses
C Other functions
D Less common functions

MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PLACES
5 Medical practitioners 1
A Practitioners
B Specialties
C Choosing a specialty

6 Medical practitioners 2
A Hospital staff
B Medical teams
C Shifts

7 Nurses
A Nursing grades
B Support workers
C Specialization
D The nurses role

8 Allied health professionals
A Community health
B Technicians
C Prosthetists and orthotists
D Opticians

9 Hospitals
A Introduction to a hospital
B Outpatients
C Inpatients

10 Primary care
A The National Health Service
B The practice team
C A GPs day

EDUCATION AND TRAINING
11 Medical education 1
A Medical education in the UK
B Extract from an undergraduate prospectus
C A students view

12 Medical education 2
A The Foundation Programme
B People in medical education
C Medical qualifications

13 The overseas doctor
A Types of registration
B PLAB
C PLAB stations and advice

SYSTEMS， DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS
14 Symptoms and signs
A Describing problems
B Presentation
C Talking about symptoms

15 Blood
A Full blood count
B Anaemia
C Pernicious anaemia

16 Bones
A Bones
B Fractures
C Treatment of fractures

17 Childhood
A Milestones
B Common infectious diseases
C Coeliac disease

18 The endocrine system
A Excess and deficiency
B Negative feedback systems
C Goitre
D A letter of referral

19 The eye
A Parts of the eye
B Examination of the eye
C Retinopathy

20 The gastrointestinal system
A Examination of the abdomen
B The faeces

21 Gynaecology
A The female reproductive system
B Menstruation
C A gynaecological consultation
D Contraception

22 The heart and circulation 1
A Shortness of breath
B Heart rhythm
C Heart failure

23 The heart and circulation 2
A Physical examination
B Examining the heart and circulation

24 Infections
A Fever
B Microorganisms
C Source and spread of infection

25 Mental illness
A Psychiatric disorders
B Substance abuse
C Affective disorders
D Neurotic and stress-related disorders
E Other types of functional disorder

26 The nervous system 1
A Sensory loss
B Motor loss
C Loss of consciousness

27 The nervous system 2
A The motor system
B Tendon reflexes
C Coma

28 Oncology
A Neoplasms
B Symptoms and signs of malignancy
C Treatment of tumours

29 Pregnalacy and childbirth
A Childbirth
B Labour
C Presentation and lie

30 The respiratory system
A Cough
B Auscultation

31 The skin 1
A Some types of skin lesion
B Rashes

32 The skin
A Injuries to the skin
B Case report
C Sores

33 The urinary system
A Urinary symptoms
B Urinalysis

INVESTIGATIONS
34 Basic investigations
A Ophthalmoscopy
B Blood pressure
C Taking blood

35 Laboratory tests
A A Microbiology test request form
B A Biochemistry and Haematology lab report
C Terms used to describe lab results

36 Endoscopy
A Functions of endoscopy
B Enteroscopy
C Report of a diagnostic endoscopy

37 X-ray and CT
A Radiography and radiology
B X-ray examination
C Computed Tomography

38 MRI and ultrasound
A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
B Ultrasound
C Preparing for medical imaging
D Describing medical imaging

39 ECG
A Uses of an ECG
B ECG procedure
C A normal ECG

TREATMENT
40 Medical treatment
A Prescriptions and drugs
B The British National Formulary

41 Surgical treatment
A The operating theatre
B Instruments
C The operation
D An operation report

42 Therapies
A Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
B A day in the life of a physiotherapist
C Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

PREVENTION
43 Screening and immunization
A Screening
B Common screening tests
C Immunization for travellers

EPIDEMIOLOGY
44 Epidemiology
A Rates
B Incidence and prevalence
C Association and causation

ETHICS
45 Medical ethics
A GMC guidelines
B Bioethical issues
C Assisted dying

RESEARCH
46 Research studies
A Case-control studies
B Cohort studies
C Trials
D Variables

TAKING A HISTORY
47 Taking a history 1
A A full case history
B Personal details
C Talking about pain

48 Taking a history 2
A Drug history
B Family history
C Social and personal history

49 Taking a history 3
A Reviewing the systems
B Asking about the central nervous syster
C Patient ideas， concerns and expectation
D Phrasal verbs in history-taking

EXAMINATION
50 Physical examination
A Examining a patient
B Giving instructions

51 Mental state examination
A Some symptoms of psychiatric disorders
B Mood
C Typical questions from a mental state examination

EXPLANATION
52 Explaining diagnosis and management
A Explanations
B Using lay terms in explanations
C An explanation of angina

53 Discussing treatment
A Offering options
B Advising a course of action
C Advising patients to avoid something
D Warnings

54 Giving bad news
A Principles of giving bad news
B A consultant medical oncologists report

PRESENTATIONS
55 Data presentation 1
A Referring to a table or figure
B Comparing variables
C Approximating

56 Data presentation 2
A Line graphs
B Pie charts
C Describing trends

57 Research articles
A The structure of a research article
B Objectives
C Main findings

58 Abstracts
A Structured abstracts
B The BMJ abstract

59 Conference presentations
A The structure of a presentation
B The introduction
C Signalling
D The conclusion

60 Case presentations
A Sections of a case presentation
B Bedside presentation
C Slides
Appendix I
Parts of the body
Appendix Ⅱ
Medical abbreviations
Appendix Ⅲ
Types of medication
Appendix Ⅳ
Symptoms and pain
Appendix Ⅴ
Verbs used in instructions
Appendix Ⅵ
Lay terms and definitions
Answer key
Index

Hospital staff
The people who work in any type of workplace, including hospitals, are called the staff.
The medical staff in a British hospital belong to one of four main groups:
A pre-registration house officer （PRHO）, or house officer, is a newly graduated doctor i the first year of postgraduate training. After a yeaz; he or she becomes a registered medi practitioner. In the current system of training, the Foundation Programme, the name fol these junior doctors is Foundation Year I doctor （FY1）. （See Unit 12）
A senior house officer （SHO） is in the second year of postgraduate training. The title is now Foundation Year 2 doctor （FY2）, but the old terms senior house officer and SHO are still used.
A specialist registrar （SpR） is a doctor who has completed the Foundation Programme, and is training in one of the medical specialties. There are also some non-training registrdoctors who have completed their training but do not wish to specialize yet.
A consultant is a fully qualified specialist. There may also be some associate specialistssenior doctors who do not wish to become consultants. In addition, there is at least o medical （or clinical） director, who is responsible for all of the medical staff.
Medical teams
Consultant physicians and surgeons are responsible for a specific number of patients in the hospital. Each consultant has a team of junior doctors to help care for those patients. In many hospitals, there are multidisciplinary teams which consist not only of doctors but also of physiotherapists and other allied health professionals （see Unit 8）. When patients enter - or are admitted to hospital, they are usually seen first by one of the junior doctors on the ward where they will receive treatment and care. The junior doctor clerks them takes their medical history （see Units 47-49） and examines them. Some time later, the registrar also sees the patients, and may order investigations or tests, for example X-rays or an ECG, make a provisional diagnosis, and begin treatment. The consultant usually sees the new admissions - people who have recently been admitted to the ward for the first time on one of the regular ward rounds, when the management of the patients is discussed with the registrar. Consultants also decide when a patient is ready to be discharged （sent home）. On the ward round, the consultant is accompanied by the team and a nurse, and they visit all the patients in the consultants care. Shifts
Junior doctors now normally work in shifts, which means they normally work for eight hours every day, for example 7 am to 3 pm, and are then free until 7 am the next day. After a week they change to a different shift, for example 3 pm to 11 pm or 11 pm to 7 am. The alternative system is to work from 9 am to 5 pm every day and to take turns to be on call available to return to the hospital if necessary - from 5 pm to 9 am the next day. Days on call are set out in a rota, or list of names and times. Doctors on call carry a radio pager, or bleeper, a device which makes a noise when someone is trying to contact them.