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暗黑心理学:幸灾乐祸与人性的阴暗面

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暗黑心理学:幸灾乐祸与人性的阴暗面

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★ 欧美实验心理学的突破性研究成果,《自然》《纽约时报》《华尔街日报》等欧美各大媒体争相推荐,牛津大学出版社年度热销图书。
★ 美国肯塔基大学心理学教授,研究嫉妒、羞耻等黑暗人性的国际专家理查德·史密斯的代表著作。
★ 一项惊世骇俗的心理学发现,深度剖析人类自私的基因,揭开妒忌、幸灾乐祸等黑 暗人性的秘密。
人真的有我们想的那么善良吗?
人性到底有多幽暗、残忍和可鄙?
我们为什么会有妒忌、幸灾乐祸这些阴暗情绪?
当我们不如意的时候,总喜欢向下比较,这样就会获得一种高高在上的优越感,感到心满意足;而当我们洋洋得意的时候,却不喜欢向上比较,因为进行这种比较,我们会发现自己其实微不足道,甚至会深陷自卑的泥潭之中。
那么,当我们发现自己很阴暗时,该如何自处和排解呢?而当看到人类历史充满了屠杀和战争时,又该如何解读呢?
《暗黑心理学》将为您揭开谜底。
Content Description

当看到参加电视真人秀的气焰嚣张的选手被羞辱,听说自以为是的政客的丑闻被曝光,甚至目睹自己妒忌的朋友遭遇挫折时,我们为什么会偷着乐呢?虽然大多数人都有幸灾乐祸——把自己的快乐建立在别人的痛苦之上——这种负面的社会情绪,但为什么没有人愿意承认呢?
在《暗黑心理学:幸灾乐祸与人性的阴暗面》这本开创性的心理学著作中,研究妒忌、羞耻等负面情绪的理查德?史密斯教授基于实验心理学的新成果,结合自己的亲身经历,从历史、政治、文学、体育、娱乐、日常生活等诸多领域撷取了大量震撼人心的案例,深入剖析了幸灾乐祸现象产生的原因、发生机制和造成的后果,并通过挖掘社会比较、妒忌、自卑感和优越感与幸灾乐祸的关系,揭示了潜伏于人性深处的黑暗面,为我们全面、彻底地洞察人性奥秘打开了大门。
幸灾乐祸尽管普遍存在,但并非无药可救。作者认为,与其借助宗教信仰、道德规范或社会习俗压抑这种情绪,不如在深度认同、接纳不完美的人性的基础上学会宽容。唯有如此,我们才能有效地减少乃至避免幸灾乐祸,并在他人遭遇不幸时给予真正的理解和同情。
Author Description

理查德?史密斯(Richard H. Smith),美国肯塔基大学心理学教授,研究嫉妒、羞耻等负面社会情绪的国际专家,其针对幸灾乐祸进行的实验研究具有开创性意义,有助于人们深入理解人性的阴暗面和行为的奥秘。除本书外,他的另一力作《妒忌:理论和研究》(Envy: Theory and Research)也于2008年被牛津大学出版社出版。
Catalogue

第一章 优越感的高度
如果我们遭遇“失败”是因为别人都做得比我们好,那么我们会了解到自身能力的不足;反之,如果我们取得“成功”是因为大多数人都做得比我们差,那么就意味着我们能力超群。这种对比实际上有着双重影响:一方面,我们能据此判断自身的表现是成功还是失败;另一方面,又能帮助我们挖掘背后的原因是能力超群还是力有不逮。这就难怪发生在他人身上的不幸会让我们感到快乐了:它可以彰显我们自身的幸运,让我们提升自我价值感。

第二章看轻别人,抬高自己
心理学家汤姆?威尔斯提出了一种理论,解释了为何与那些不幸的人进行比较能增强我们的主观幸福感。通常情况下,目睹他人受苦会让我们心有余悸,但威尔斯却对此持有异议,他认为当我们自己曾受过苦难,导致自尊深受打击,或自尊长期处于不足水平时,我们的看法就会改变。在这种情况下,与不幸的人(或者那些没那么好运的人)比较,犹如给我们打了一剂强心针。

第三章团体认知性
团体认知性对幸灾乐祸有深远的影响,而这正与我们与生俱来的社会属性相匹配。人类是在群体中生存的,而隶属一个强大的群体无疑能为个体的生存带来优势。因此,团体认知性的产生是自然而然的,并促使我们偏袒己方团体和反感其他团体,所以当某个敌对团体遭遇不幸时,我们会幸灾乐祸也就不足为奇了。不论是在体育比赛还是政治活动中,当个体对团体拥有强烈的忠诚度时,幸灾乐祸就会变成个体在得知竞争团体遭遇不幸时的标准情绪。

第四章自我与他人
当我们追逐胜利的时候,谁不是在迫切寻求个人的胜利?谁会在竞争时希望赢的是对方?当我们对对手说“祝你好运”的时候,难道不是在自欺欺人吗?竞争就意味着我们必须将个人利益放在首位。拿破仑曾说过:“当你的敌人正在犯错时,千万不要去打扰他。”我们或许不会承认自己正因对手的不幸而享受着快乐,即便此时的快乐混合着同情与内疚。不过,我们确实有这种感受。

第五章善有善报,恶有恶报
我们坚信坏人有恶报,一如好人有好报。我们还坚信坏人的行为有多坏,他就要品尝多少恶果;好人的行为有多好,他就会得到多少好报。与卡萨维兹扮演的坏蛋类似的人因为其邪恶的本性和缺德的行为而死不足惜。他们最终“获得了报应”,这符合我们关于报应的观点,因此大快人心。坏的行为导致坏的报应,这一连锁反应带来了诗一样的正义,也使得天理得以伸张。

第六章充满个人色彩的正义
从心理学的角度说,要将正义与复仇分开是很难的。当有人对我们不义时,我们自然会产生报复的冲动,想要这些人遭受我们所受过的苦。这就是复仇的核心所在。我们认为这些伤害是如此不公,尽管这种愤懑之情极有可能是由带有自利性偏差的主观想法导致的,但它的产生也与对不公的真实感受息息相关。撇开自利性偏差不谈,由于与正义的紧密联系,复仇的欲望将会使复仇者对复仇对象产生多种情绪,包括愤怒、憎恨、愤慨、义愤填膺等。

第七章羞辱式娱乐
《美国偶像》只是以羞辱作为不可或缺的元素的众多真人秀节目中的一个。根据媒体学家安博尔?沃茨的分析,当下越来越多的节目正基于现实中的例子来展现人们受辱的各种形式,以此取悦观众。而其他几位媒体学家——莎拉?布克尔、布拉德?威特针对节目内容所做的分析表明,当下最受欢迎的真人秀节目远比那些事先准备好脚本的节目包含更多的羞辱内容,他们将这种趋势称为“羞辱式娱乐”。


第八章妒忌心理学
朝鲜有一句老话:“当堂弟买了一块稻田时,我的胃就像扭曲一样痛。”这句话形象地描述了妒忌之痛,也解释了当我们妒忌的人遭遇不幸时,我们为何会感到幸灾乐祸并觉得“有利可图”。当留意到他人正在尽情享用我们求之不得的东西时,由此产生的忿恨、痛苦的不满以及病态的意愿就混合成了妒忌。一旦这个受妒忌的对象遭遇不幸,这种消极的比较将不复存在,我们也随之释然并快乐起来,这时“扭曲的胃”也恢复了原样。

第九章妒忌的变形
当心存妒忌的人意识到那个低人一等的自我,又深知妒忌不受欢迎之时,就会产生不同程度的自我欺骗,摆出伪装的公众姿态。人类学家乔治?弗斯特提供了不少例子,证明了当人们试图掩饰真实的感觉时,会将妒忌感受为其他情绪。社会学家乔恩?埃尔斯特指出,由于人们面临着“摆脱妒忌这种情绪的巨大压力”,因此它常常“被压抑、转化或为其他情绪所取代。”这意味着,很多人都心怀妒忌,甚至还在妒忌的驱使下采取了行动,但自己却浑然不觉。

第十章放纵阴暗的快感
或许,大部分幸灾乐祸都不具有伤害性,几乎相当于无伤大雅的流言蜚语带来的快乐。这种感觉即使与妒忌扯上了关系,我们也大可不必立即否定。妒忌与幸灾乐祸都是再自然不过的情绪,我们不可能在它们每次出现时都提高警惕。但我们必须小心,谨防妒忌在自己尚未意识到的情况下诱使我们去制造不幸,为自己带来期待的快乐。这会将我们置于危险的道德边缘。

第十一章林肯会怎么想
林肯比一般人拥有更多的恻隐之心,能在解释他人的行为时充分考虑环境的影响,而环境极有可能是引发他人行为的主要原因。他当然也会认为某些人是腐化堕落的,但我们起码可以向他学习如何避免“基本归因错误”。如果人人都能像林肯这样,那么同情就会取代幸灾乐祸成为人类的普遍情绪。这也就难怪林肯会在他的第二次总统就职演说中强调:“对任何人都不怀恶意,对所有人都心存宽厚。”

第十二章告别幸灾乐祸
我们都是本性善良的人,很少会真心希望他人碰到大灾大难,但如果有人“咎由自取”,我们会非常乐意看到他们被小小地惩戒一下。几乎没有人会将自己的幻想付诸现实,我们习惯于依赖命运或上帝的安排。因此,当他人应得的惩罚没有发生时,我们也只是暗暗失望。不过这样依然无法避免幸灾乐祸,唯有当我们设身处地从他人的角度看待问题,并认识到自己也会遭遇同样的不幸时,才有可能告别幸灾乐祸。

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