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弗洛伊德文集卷11:图腾与禁忌

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弗洛伊德文集卷11:图腾与禁忌

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★“可以夸张地说,随便翻开一本西方文艺评论的书,我们都能够找到弗洛伊德的名字,或者看到他的影子。”
★此卷中的《图腾与禁忌》一文是弗洛伊德应用精神分析的观点和方法研究社会心理学的首次尝试,也是弗洛伊德第一次集中阐述自己关于宗教和道德起源的一部重要著作。


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Content Description

本卷是弗洛伊德有关人类学、社会学、文化学、宗教学、历史学和哲学等方面的代表性著作,共包含两部作品。《图腾与禁忌》1913年出版,通过蒙昧人与强迫神经症患者的比较,推断了图腾崇拜的本原意义。《摩西与一神教》1939年出版,是弗洛伊德生前完成的最后一部著作,它深入浅出地剖析了一神教的本质和起源。这些论著基本上属于弗洛伊德心理哲学的范畴。

Author Description

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud,1856~1939),奥地利著名的精神病学家,精神分析学派的创始人,20世纪影响最大的思想家之一。弗洛伊德作为深蕴心理学的开创者,他的潜意识心理学说、精神分析治疗方法技术以及对人类心灵深层隐秘王国的揭示,不仅为心理学研究整个人类精神世界开辟了全新的领域,而且对西方当代文学艺术、宗教、伦理学、社会学、历史学、民族学、哲学产生了深远的影响。
主编车文博,心理学家、哲学家,中国理论心理学的奠基人之一,推进心理学元理论的建构和“类心理学”的开拓;突破单一文化心理学知识史或学科史的研究,开创多元文化(东西方文化)心理学比较思想史学科的建构;开拓中国潜意识的哲学心理学研究,中国“给弗洛伊德‘平反’的人”,中国学术界公认的弗洛伊德研究权威。1952年北京师范大学研究生毕业。长期执教于吉林大学哲学社会学院哲学系、社会心理学系,任教授、科学技术哲学博士生导师。曾任中国心理学会第五、六届副理事长、会士,获中国心理学会终身成就奖。美国心理学会外籍会员。出版著作、译著70余部,发表论文200余篇。

Catalogue

图腾与禁忌

按语 002
序 言 003
希伯来文版序言 005

第一篇对乱伦的恐惧 007
第二篇禁忌与矛盾情感 023
第三篇泛灵论、法术和思想万能 074
第四篇图腾崇拜在童年时代的再现 098

摩西与一神教

按语 156
英文版编者导言 157

第一篇摩西,一个埃及人 160
第二篇如果摩西是个埃及人 171
第三篇摩西,他的人民和一神教 208
Book Abstract

第一篇 对乱伦的恐惧
通过史前人遗留下来的那些毫无生气的石碑器具,通过我们直接或凭借各种传奇、神话、仙幻故事间接获得的,对史前人的艺术、宗教和人生态度的认识,通过依旧残存于现代风俗习惯中的、史前人的思维模式,我们对不同发展阶段上的史前人已有所了解。不过,进一步而言,从某种意义上说史前人仍然是我们同时代人。正如我们所认为的那样,当今仍有些人异于我们而更接近于初民,我们因此将他们视为初民的直系后裔或继承人。我们就是这样来看待那些被我们称为蒙昧或半开化的民族的;如果我们有理由从初民的心灵生活中,洞察到一幅保存完好的、有关我们自己的早期发展的画面,那么这样的心灵生活尤其能引起我们浓厚的兴趣。
如果这一见解正确的话,那么经由社会人类学所获知的原始民族心理和精神分析学所揭示的神经症患者心理间的两相比较,一定能展示众多的共同之处,并使我们对这两门学科中的一些熟识的事实产生新的认识。
出于内在,更出于外在的原因,我选择那些被人类学家描述为最落后、最可怜的蒙昧人——澳洲这一最年轻大陆上的土著人,作为部落比较的基础。我们还可以观察到,这里的动物群也是最古老的,在其他地方早已不复存在了。
澳洲土著是一独特的种族,无论在体格还是在语言上,都与其最相近的邻居——美拉尼西亚人、波利尼西亚人和马来人毫无关联。他们从不建造房屋或永久性棚屋,从不耕田种地;除了狗以外,他们从不饲养任何家畜;他们甚至没听说过陶器制作技艺。他们的生活完全有赖于他们猎获的各种兽肉和挖掘的各种根茎。他们不知君王或酋长为何物;一切公共事务都由长老会决定。很难说他们有任何以神明崇拜为形式的宗教。与沿海部落相比,那些处在大陆腹地、因水源奇缺而在最艰难的生存条件下挣扎的部落,在各个方面都显得更为原始。
我们当然不会期望,这些赤身裸体、可怜巴巴的食人野民的性生活,会具有我们所说的道德意义。我们也不期望,他们的性冲动会受到严格的规范。然而我们却发现,为了避免乱伦的关系,他们一丝不苟,处处留心,严厉得近乎痛苦。确切地说,他们的整个社会组织似乎就是为了这个目的,或者说是围绕这个目标而设立的。
澳洲土著人没有宗教的和社会的机构体系,凡此种种均由“图腾崇拜”体系所取代。澳洲的部落又划分为更小的分支或氏族(clans),每个都以其图腾命名。什么是图腾?图腾通常是一种动物(或是可食无害的,或是危险可怕的)。偶尔也会是一种植物或一种自然现象(如雨或水),它与整个氏族有着某种奇特的关系。图腾首先是氏族的共同祖先,同时也是向他们发布神谕并提供帮助的监护神。虽说对外族而言图腾很危险,但是它能识别并宽容自己的子民。从另一个方面来说,族人都有一项神圣的义务:不宰杀不损毁图腾,不吃图腾的肉,也不用其他方式以此谋利。图腾的品质是天生的,并非只存在于某一只动物或一种东西之中,而是存在于某一类的全体个体之中。在时常举行的喜庆活动上,族人在礼仪舞蹈中表现或模仿着图腾的动作和特性。
图腾是通过母系或父系传承的。也有可能原初盛行母系传承,只是后来才为父系传承所取代。个人与图腾间的关系是澳洲土著人一切社会义务的基础,因为它远胜于这个人在部落中的成员关系以及血缘关系。
图腾并非依附于某一特定的地方。一个氏族内的成员往往散居各地,并与其他图腾氏族的成员们和睦相处。
至此,我们终于触及图腾体系中能引起精神分析学家重视的特征了。在所有有图腾的地方,我们都可以发现一条定规:拥有相同图腾的人们,不可在彼此间发生性关系,因而不可通婚。这样就有了“族外婚”(exogamy)——一种与图腾崇拜(totemism)相关的习俗。
这一严格实施的禁忌(prohibition)是十分奇特的。我无法用上面所提到的图腾的概念或某些特征来预见它。我们很难理解,它是如何涉入图腾体系的。因而有些研究者事实上认为,族外婚原初(意指起源或本意)与图腾并无关系,只是在婚姻限制(marriage restrictions)成为必然的某一时期添附上去的(没有丝毫的深层联系)。对于这样的看法,我们并不感到意外。不管怎么说,图腾崇拜和族外婚之间存在着联结,而且显然是非常牢固的。
进一步的探讨可以使得这一禁忌的意义更加明了:
a. 违犯这一禁忌不会像违犯其他图腾禁忌(如不可宰杀图腾动物)那样,仅仅是受到报应而已。全族成员都将全力以赴地进行报复,犹如在对付一件危及全族的大难或罪恶即将临头的大事一样。下面是从弗雷泽(1910,第1卷,第54页)的书中引用的一小段文字。它们表明,那些用我们的标准来衡量的毫无道德的蒙昧人,是多么严厉地对待这些不端行为的:
“在澳洲,对与禁族(forbidden clan)成员进行性交的一般处置是处死,无论这个女人与其同属一个本地群体(local group),还是打仗时从另外一个部落掳获的。氏族内的男子以这样的外族女子为妻的话,会受到本族成员的猎杀,那个女人也不能赦免。当然在某些情况下,如果他们能够成功地逃避追杀并躲上一段时间的话,也许能获得赦免。在新南威尔士的塔塔苔(Ta-ta-thi)族,虽然鲜有但确曾发生过这样的事:男的被杀死,女的则遭痛打或矛刺,或两者齐上,直至她濒临死亡。不立即杀死她的原因是,她可能是被迫的。即使是对于偶尔偷情,氏族禁忌也绝不网开一面。对于这些禁忌的任何违犯都被视为极度可恶而处以极刑。”[摘自卡麦容(Cameron,1885,第351页)]
b. 既然这一严厉的惩罚也同样适用于没生孩子的、短暂的婚外恋,所以形成这一禁忌的各种原因不太可能具有实际性。
c. 既然图腾世代相传不因婚姻而改变,禁忌的后果是不难看到的。例如,在母系传承中,如果一个属袋鼠图腾的男子,娶了一个属鸸鹋图腾的女子为妻,所生孩子无论男女都归鸸鹋氏族。图腾规则因而保证在这一婚姻中出生的男孩,不可能和与其同属鸸鹋氏族的母亲或姐妹发生乱伦关系。
d. 但是,稍加深入思考便可发现,与图腾相关联的族外婚的作用是很大的(因此目的也很大),远非仅仅防止一个男人与母亲或姐妹乱伦。它通过将氏族内所有的包括许多非血亲(blood-relatives)的女人,视为一个男子的血亲,从而使得这个人不可能与这些女人性交。由于这种波及面甚广的限制在已开化的民族中不具可比性,因而要一眼看出它在心理学上的合理性并非易事。不过,从中我们还可以获知,图腾被当作祖先乃是一件十分认真的事。来自同一图腾的人都是血亲,他们组成一个大家庭(family),在这里即使是最遥远的亲缘关系(kinship)也被当作性结合的绝对障碍。
我们因此知道,这些未开化的人对于乱伦抱有非同寻常的恐惧,甚至对这一话题也极其敏感。同时我们还感到,他们将乱伦与某种我们尚不可知的、以图腾家庭关系取代真正的血亲关系这一奇特的现象结合在一起。但是,后者的矛盾现象不可过分夸大。我们务必记住,图腾禁忌也包括以特例方式对真正乱伦的惩处。
在图腾的本质得到解释之前,图腾氏族何以能够取代真正的家庭也许只能是个谜。同时可以看到,如果婚外性结合具有一定自由度的话,血亲接着便是乱伦防范,就会变得很不确定,因而禁忌的范围必须扩大。有必要指出,澳洲人的风俗使得男子对一名女子在婚姻上的独占权受到侵犯的现象,在某些社交场合或喜庆活动中得以发生。
这些澳洲部落 的语言习惯的奇特性与此无疑是有关联的。因为他们用来表达不同等亲家族关系(degrees of kinship)的术语,并没有表示两个个体之间的关系,而是表示了某个个体与一群体间的关系。这就是摩尔根(L. H. Morgan,1877)所说的关系的“类别”体系。所以一个人不止称他的生父为“父亲”,凡是原先依据族规可以娶他母亲而可能生下他的人,都是父亲;同样,他也不止称他的生母为“母亲”,凡是不违反族规而可能生下他的人,都是母亲;“兄弟”和“姐妹”也不止用来称呼他生身父母的儿女们,而是泛指所有类别意义上的父母的儿女们;等等。所以,澳洲人彼此间的亲属称谓并不总是像我们一样表达血缘关系(consanguinity),它们表达了社会关系而非生理关系。在我们也存在这种类似类别体系的现象。例如,我们也教孩子称呼父母的朋友为“Uncle”(叔叔)或“Aunt”(阿姨),我们有时还在隐喻的意义上使用“阿波罗神庙的兄弟们”或“教堂的姐妹们”。
这类惯用语着实令人费解,但是如果我们将其视为尊敬的菲森(Fison)所说的“群体婚(group marriage)”的残留痕迹的话,那就要好解释多了。在这种婚姻制度下,一群男子对一群女子行使婚姻权(conjugal rights)。群体婚所生的孩子顺理成章地互称兄弟姐妹(尽管不是同一母亲所生),并将群体内所有的成年男子称为父亲。
虽然有些作者(如韦斯特马克,1901)不同意另一些学者从关系的类别体系的存在中得出的结论,然而但凡熟知澳洲土人的学者都一致认为,这种体系是群体婚时代的遗物,按照斯宾塞和吉伦(Spencer and Gillen,1899,第64页)的观点,某种群体婚形式至今确实存在于乌拉旁纳(Urabunna)和戴厄利(Dieri)部落内。在这些氏族中,群体婚先于个体婚(individual marriage),而在群体婚消失以后,它的某些鲜明的遗迹残留在语言和习俗中。
不过,一旦我们以群体婚来取代个体婚,我们所看到的这些民族中的、显然是过度的乱伦回避(avoidance of incest),就变得易于理解了。图腾族外婚,即同氏族成员间性交的禁忌,似乎是防止群体乱伦的恰当方式。因此,当其原本的存在理由早已灰飞烟灭之后,图腾族外婚已牢固确立。
……

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Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book