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互联网金融报告2016

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互联网金融报告2016

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把脉中国互联网金融

Content Description

本报告由BR互联网金融研究院组织编写完成,包括2015—2016年互联网金融的发展、问题与新趋势,传统金融互联网化模式分析,传统金融互联网化的国际比较,互联网金融的监管与创新,中国金融互联网化指数,以及从业者的专题访谈。博鳌亚洲论坛秘书长周文重和清华大学五道口金融学院教授谢平联袂作序,红岭创投、华夏银行、京东金融、微众银行业内等机构和中国社会科学院等研究机构分别提出各自的观点。

Author Description

BR互联网金融研究院(BRIFI)是博鳌观察传媒旗下的智库机构。

依托博鳌亚洲论坛的资源优势,BRIFI的使命是提供前沿观点、增进行业互动、促进跨界交流、助力品牌传播,以此推动中国互联网金融行业健康发展,并走向全球。

BRIFI他见了三个资源网络:国内外专家资源网络、战略合作伙伴网络和行业合作伙伴网络/会员,以此保障BRIFI社交平台功能、研究功能和传播功能的充分发挥。


Introduction

序言一

博鳌亚洲论坛秘书长 周文重

2015年,《关于促进互联网金融健康发展的指导意见》及《关于积极推进“互联网+”行动的指导意见》相继出台。主管部门对基于互联网的金融创新在政策层面给予了肯定,有关文件奠定了互联网金融创新的长远发展基础。金融互联网化意义重大。

传统金融与新兴金融加速融合

历经近40年的改革开放,中国金融业有了突飞猛进的发展,然而仍难以满足各经济实体的金融需求。小微企业及农村市场的金融服务短缺,长期困扰着中国经济的发展。互联网的出现,以及其与传统金融业的结合,为突破时空限制、降低业务成本、拓展服务边界带来了一种新的可能。

自2012年以来,互联网的金融服务不断涌现且创新频繁,逐渐渗入中国经济及民众的日常生活。近一年来,中国传统金融业加快了向互联网经营模式转型的步伐,与新兴互联网金融机构展开多重合作、良性竞争。

我们看到,传统银行积极布局线上直销银行业务,寻找资产证券化的多元化出口,扩大使用场景;传统保险公司开拓互联网服务,与互联网企业的双向渗透趋势加强;传统证券行业运用互联网技术,不断完善以资本市场为基础的综合金融服务能力。

基于中国金融互联网化的发展现状,博鳌亚洲论坛官方杂志《博鳌观察》与尼尔森、腾讯·企鹅智酷联合研发了“中国金融互联网化指数”,旨在以金融消费者的视角,从可得、易得、得益三个维度衡量金融互联网化的影响,积极审视金融与互联网相结合所带来的变化。

随着互联网的不断发展和深入应用,新兴金融也在加速发展、锐意创新。P2P网贷行业渐趋成熟和多元,众筹行业逐渐走向专业化,互联网消费金融正在成为新的风口。

未来,“互联网+”将是新的经济形态,互联网经济时代近在咫尺。

征信、监管仍需加强

近年来,互联网金融在中国掀起了一波又一波研究、讨论、实践的浪潮。虽然中国互联网金融的发展速度和用户规模在世界上已首屈一指,但纵观其发展,仍存在诸多问题,尤其在征信体系建设及监管政策落实方面,亟须借鉴欧美等发达国家的经验。

金融的本质是充当资金融通的中介。为降低资金供需双方之间的信息不对称性,构建完善的征信体系尤为重要。目前,中国传统金融机构所依靠的中国人民银行征信系统尚未能全面覆盖个人信用数据,基于互联网的金融活动数据寥寥无几。

对比之下,美国的个人征信已有愈百年历史,其征信行业完全由市场需求驱动,是市场主导模式的代表。历经多年的并购整合,美国征信业现以益百利(Experian)、艾奎法克斯(Equifax)、环联(TransUnion)三大信用局为主,基本垄断了全美个人资信数据。

再来看中国,随着央行在2015年向芝麻信用、腾讯征信等八家民间机构颁发个人征信牌照,民间征信渠道已开放。相信在未来,将形成以央行金融征信系统为主导,辅以市场化专业机构及个人征信机构的三方格局,为金融互联网化发展提供基础保障。

互联网金融实践近年来在中国迅速发展,然而由于其出现时间较短,在风险控制方面仍存在颇多问题。诸如P2P平台、众筹平台及第三方支付平台倒闭、“跑路”等事件屡屡发生,对现有的金融监管体系提出了巨大挑战。

反观国外,欧美等发达国家自20世纪90年代起即开始将互联网技术与传统金融业务相结合,在发展过程中不断完善其监管条例,规范行业标准,已形成较为成熟的监管体系。以第三方支付为例,美国将监管的重点放在交易的过程,而非针对机构;英国等欧洲国家则重点监管支付机构,详细规定其经营资格及风险控制措施。

无论是金融市场环境、信用环境还是技术环境,中国与欧美发达国家仍存在较大差距。未来,随着各方指导意见的出台、中国新兴金融行业自律的不断强化,以及国际化合作布局的加强,中国的金融互联网化实践亦将走向规范化,并向全球创新的前沿迈进。

“互联网+金融”将有无限可能

互联网为金融带来了民主化和普惠化,有效拓展了传统金融市场的有限边界。中国金融的进一步改革开放将加快利率市场化与汇率市场化的变革进程,“互联网+金融”业态也将呈现更为融合的发展趋势。

中国政府的“十三五”规划提出了“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念,将创新放在国家发展战略的核心位置。习近平主席更是在第二届世界互联网大会上强调将大力实施网络强国战略、国家大数据战略,希望促进互联网和经济社会的融合发展。“互联网+金融”的未来发展将机遇无限。

未来,传统金融与新兴金融将不断融合,形成日趋丰富的创新空间与市场机遇。从国家鼓励互联网金融创新发展的总体态度出发,监管部门与行业自律组织需共同努力,积极推动行业健康发展,并不断完善如征信体系、大数据管理等基础设施建设,支撑中国互联网金融不断快速、稳定发展。

传统金融机构与互联网公司需相辅相成,共同成长,与国际社会加强对话合作,构建和平、安全、开放、合作的网络空间。

未来,中国的互联网金融将成为全球舞台上竞争与合作的重要力量,并随着国际国内合作的加强,其在中国金融资源的全球配置中将发挥更大作用。

目前,博鳌观察已连续三年就互联网金融课题成立专项研究组,展开深入研究,发布年度《互联网金融报告》。博鳌亚洲论坛亦愿意为推动互联网金融的健康发展尽到绵薄之力。

序言二

《互联网金融报告2016》总顾问,清华大学五道口金融学院教授 谢平

传统金融与大数据、云计算、移动互联等元素叠加后,迸发出了全新的活力。但金融互联网化在加快推进的同时,其业务模式、业务边界越来越模糊,而且愈发紧密地内嵌在人们的日常生活中,这给监管带来了很大的难度。

2015年是互联网金融监管的元年。中国人民银行等十部委联合发布了互联网金融监管的纲领性文件《关于促进互联网金融健康发展的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)。《指导意见》肯定了互联网金融对促进小微企业发展和扩大就业所发挥的积极作用,也定下了互联网金融发展与监管的基调,即“鼓励创新、防范风险、趋利避害、健康发展”的总体要求。

互联网为金融行业带来巨大变革

互联网在金融行业中的作用,绝非仅仅是一个在金融活动中处于辅助地位的技术平台或工具那么简单。网络技术的革新打破了传统金融交易的壁垒,深刻地改变着金融行业的方方面面。

降低成本,优化效率。首先,互联网金融通过三个渠道降低交易成本:一是互联网替代传统金融中介和市场中的物理网点和人工服务;二是互联网促进运营优化;三是互联网金融的去中介化趋势缩短了资金融通链条。其次,在互联网金融中,大数据被广泛应用于信息处理(体现为各种算法,自动、高速、网络化运算),提高了风险定价和风险管理效率,降低了信息不对称。最后,因为交易成本和信息不对称的降低,互联网金融能提高金融资源配置效率。

挖掘数据,提升服务。互联网大数据为金融行业做出了卓越的贡献,在完善征信系统、挖掘客户、优化服务、提高运营效率、产品创新等方面起到了举足轻重的作用。首先,金融活动离不开完善的征信体系,而大数据成为构建征信体系的基础。其次,通过数据分析,金融机构既可以实现更有针对性的场景化营销,还可以洞悉客户的个性化需求,实现差异化服务并发掘客户潜在需求,为金融产品创新奠定基础。最后,金融机构将大数据运用到公司内部管理,也能提高公司的运营效率。

平等开放,普惠大众。传统金融在融合了互联网的平等、透明、开放、扁平等特点之后,其普惠特点愈发明显。原本传统金融机构由于成本和内部管理机制的限制,对“长尾客户”的重视不够。互联网使得金融机构以较低成本接触这些“长尾用户”,可以获知他们的需求并提供个性化的金融服务,大大拓展了传统金融市场的服务范围。在金融互联网化进程中,越来越多的人将有机会享受到金融服务,这有助于提升社会公平,缩小收入差距,增加社会福利。

互联网金融对中国消费者也产生了深刻影响。传统的中国消费观念是“量入为出”,而互联网消费金融平台可以依托互联网的信息传播优势,引导消费者转变消费理念。此外,互联网消费金融平台还可以利用互联网的大数据优势分析需求,积极进行产品创新,激发消费者贷款消费的热情。

金融互联网化的风险与瓶颈

在金融互联网化进程加快的同时,风险也不可避免地随之而来。与传统金融行业相比,互联网金融所面临的风险更加多样,既包括金融相关风险,也包括技术相关风险。

互联网金融在大大优化传统金融效率的同时,并不能完全规避其原有风险,由于互联网自身的特点,可能会提升某些种类的风险,例如,信用风险。互联网降低了从事金融活动的门槛,相当一部分新进者没有通过相关的资格认定,也缺乏应有的风险管理能力和诚信水平。另外,互联网平台受到的杠杆限制较少,为了获得更高收益,很多平台在高杠杆比率下经营,这也加剧了信用风险。

互联网高速、快捷的特点大大缩短了交易时间,这也同时缩短了金融中介机构在面临集中提款时的应对时间,使其在面临挤提问题时,流动性风险提升。另外,不容忽视的是,目前国家针对互联网金融的法律体系还不够完善,金融互联化的诸多尝试还不能得到政府的明确认可,存在法律合规风险。

虽然互联网技术日新月异,但技术相关风险仍无法避免,需要时刻警惕这类风险可能造成的巨大危害,例如,信息安全风险和网络安全风险。当前金融业,各个机构都不遗余力地通过互联网争夺信息,但互联网金融从业者却没有为客户保护个人信息的足够动力,甚至有部分从业者为了获得不法收益,故意出售客户信息,导致客户信息泄露事件频发。目前,尚未有完善的计算机技术可以完全防范互联网给金融带来的网络安全隐患,黑客的非法活动和从业人员的误操作都会给目前仍比较薄弱的互联网安全技术带来巨大冲击。

金融互联网化在中国的发展历史不长,其成长环境也不够成熟,在发展的道路上仍面临一些瓶颈。

首先,中国的个人信用数据积累不够,专业的征信机构不多。很多金融机构的信用评估仍严重依赖中国人民银行出具的个人信用报告,信用数据来源单一,得出的评估结果自然不能满足日新月异的市场需求。

其次,互联网金融既带来了机遇,也带来了风险,原有的金融相关法规需要进一步补充完善,必要时还要及时出台新的法律法规。不完善的法律体系下,既无法有效控制潜在风险,也容易扼杀行业的合理创新,一定程度上阻碍了金融互联网化进程。

最后,人才储备不足。互联网金融的发展需要金融知识和互联网知识的完美融合,而同时具备这两种知识的专业人才少之又少,人才的缺乏给金融互联网化进程带来一定的拖累。

新金融要求监管创新

《指导意见》对互联网金融给出了明确定位,“互联网金融是传统金融机构与互联网企业利用互联网技术和信息通信技术实现资金融通、支付、投资和信息中介服务的新型金融业务模式”。新金融要求监管创新,既要有效防范风险,又不能抑制有益的创新,降低市场活跃性。

从法律制度角度来看,政府监管部门应尽快进一步完善与金融互联网化有关的法律法规,比如个人信息安全和征信方面的法律。通过法律明确划定非法与合法的界限,为行业发展提供官方引导。这需要监管部门不断审时度势、与时俱进,鼓励创新、识别风险。


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    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

Learn More

Sold by Yami

Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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Jingdong book

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Jingdong book