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Jingdong book

自我与本我(2019全新译作,未删节)

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Content Description

《自我与本我》完整收录了弗洛伊德后期的三篇成熟作品:《超yue唯乐原则》《群体心理学与自我分析》《自我与本我》,简练地表达了精神分析学的理论要点和学说精髓,被公认对人的心理及其活动做出了新颖的、革命性的描述。

《超yue唯乐原则》修正了弗洛伊德早期的本能学说,提出人存在着死与生的本能。

《群体心理学与自我的分析》深入论述了关于“群体的本质就在于它自身存在的力比多联系”的理论。

《自我与本我》谈及意识、前意识、潜意识,阐述了自我从本我、超我从自我分化的过程。


Author Description

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
精神分析学创始人,被世人誉为“精神分析之父”。弗洛伊德引导人们真正走进人类深藏的内心世界,发现无法被意识控制的潜意识竟然蕴含了如此丰富的心理内容和巨大的创造力。着有《梦的解析》《精神分析引论》《自我与本我》《图腾与禁忌》等。
Catalogue

超yue唯乐原则

第一章

第二章

第三章

第四章

第五章

第六章

第七章


群体心理学与自我分析

第一章导论

第二章勒庞对群体心理的表述

第三章其他人对群体心理生活的论述

第四章暗示与力比多

第五章两种人为构建的群体:教会和军队

第六章其他问题和研究思路

第七章认同作用

第八章爱与催眠

第九章群居本能

第十章群体和原始部落

第十一章自我的等级区分

第十二章附录


自我与本我

前言

第一章意识与无意识

第二章自我与本我

第三章自我与超我(自我理想)

第四章两种本能

第五章自我的依赖关系

附录A —— 描述性无意识和动力无意识

附录B —— 性欲的大储藏库



Book Abstract

超yue唯乐原则
在精神分析理论中,我们坚信,心理事件所带来的心理过程是由唯乐原则自动调节的。应当说,这些心理事件之所以会发生,是由某种不愉快的紧张状态所引起的。这些心理事件zui终要克服这种紧张,从而达到避免不快乐或是产生快乐的结果。我们的研究主题是心理过程,在研究时我们把上述的过程也包含在考虑范围中,因此把一个“经济的”观点放进研究中来。如果在描述心理过程时,我们除了估计到“局部解剖学”和“动力学”的因素以外,还尽可能去估计这种“经济的”因素影响,那么我认为,我们所能提出的将是迄今为止zui为完整的描述,可以赋予它专门的术语“元心理学” 。
我们关心的不是这个关于唯乐原则的设想与历史上某个已被接受的哲学体系相差几何,或者吸收了多少它的观点。我们是通过对自己研究领域中观察到的事实进行描述和解释,因而获得这些假设。优先性和原创性并不是精神分析研究要树立的目标,但构成唯乐原则假设的基础所依据的印象是如此精准无误,我们无法视而不见。换一个角度来说,我们应当感谢那些哲学理论以及心理学理论,正是它们把强烈影响我们快乐与不快乐感受的意义告诉了我们。然而非常遗憾,在这方面我们没有得到具有实际意义的收获。这是心理学方面zui为模糊、zui难理解的地带。既然我们非得要研究它,那依我看,zui不僵化的假设就是zui适合的假设。我们已经决定把快乐和不快乐与存在于心里的不受任何限制的兴奋量联系在一起思考 ,不快乐与兴奋量的增加一致,快乐与兴奋量的减少一致。这种关联的建立,并不意味着快乐和不快乐的强烈程度与兴奋量的增减之间是一种简单的关系。根据心理生理学的知识,我们不能认为它们之间的关系是正比例关系,决定这种感情的因素可能是一个特定时期内兴奋量的增减数量。实验在这里起到了应有的作用,但是在没有确定的观察事实作为引导的情况下,让我们这些分析学家来探讨更进一步的问题,是不理智的。
我们看到的一个事实,就是费希纳(G.T.Fechner)这位具有深刻洞察力的研究者在关于快乐与不快乐的问题上提出的观点,均与精神分析研究迫使我们相信的观点不谋而合,这引起了我们极大的注意。费希纳在他的一本短篇论著《关于有机体的产生史和发展史的几点想法》(1873年,第11部分,附录第94)中说:“ 只要意识的冲动始终同快乐和不快乐发生联系,那么我们就可以认为,快乐和不快乐与稳定和不稳定之间存在着一种心理物理学的关系。这个观点为我另一个计划单独做详细阐述的假设铺平了道路。根据这个假设,产生于意识阈(threshold of consciousness)上的每种心理物理活动,在接近完全的稳定性并超过了一定限度时,就会产生一定比例的快乐;而当它背离了完全的稳定性并超过了一定限度时,就会产生一定比例的不快乐。以上两种状态的限度可称为快乐和不快乐的质的阈限,在两者之间则是一个空白地带,对审美的平静状态……”
使我们相信唯乐原则主导日常心理活动的事实,也适用于下面这种假设:心理构造努力地使自己内部的兴奋量控制在zui低限度,或者至少保证其不再增加。这不过是对唯乐原则的另一种表述方式罢了。即,如果心理构造的运行意图就是将兴奋量降低到zui低限度,那任何导致兴奋量增加的事物,都会被认为是违背这一机能的,即不快乐的东西。由恒常性原则(principle of constancy)可以推导得出唯乐原则。事实上,恒常性原则又是从迫使我们承认唯乐原则的事实那里推论出来的 。另外,还有更详尽的讨论能够说明,我们认为的由心理构造产生的这种倾向也可以作为费希纳“寻求稳定倾向”原则的一个实例。费希纳已经把快乐和不快乐的感受同这个原则紧密联系起来了。
不得不明确指出的是,唯乐原则主导心理活动过程的说法是不正确的。如果真的存在这种主导作用,那么我们大部分的心理过程必定伴随着快乐或达到快乐的结果。然而经验告诉我们的,事实恰恰与这个结论相悖。那么,我们只能退一步描述,在人心中存在遵循唯乐原则的倾向,但由于它会受到其他一些外力或是因素的阻碍,所以zui终导致的结果不能总和达到快乐的趋向相一致。我们来对比一下类似问题下费希纳做出的评论:“这种趋向于一个目标的倾向并不代表能达到那个目标,总体来说,目标只能近似地达到……”
如果我们现在转过来研究什么因素能阻碍唯乐原则发挥作用,便会发现我们又处在一个熟悉且依据充分的形势下。在给出结果时,我们有大量分析的经验可以派上用场。
第一个可以以这种方式阻碍唯乐原则的例子是常见的,且在有规律地发生着。我们知道,唯乐原则是心理构造运行的特有方式,但从身处外部世界各种困难当中的有机体的自我生存角度看来,这种方法的效果微乎其微,甚至于有相当的危险性。在自我生存的影响下,唯实原则取代了唯乐原则。
唯实原则并非放弃获得zui终快乐的目标,而是选择延缓实现这一满足,放弃许多可以实现满足的途径,在通往快乐的漫长又迂回的道路中间,暂时容忍不快乐的存在。但是唯乐原则会持久地顽强存在下去,它是性本能的一种工作方式,这种性本能完全无法被“驯化”,无论是从性本能出发,还是从自我本身来说,唯乐原则时常冲击唯实原则,给有机体造成整体上的伤害。
但是,让唯实原则取代唯乐原则,只能解释很少一部分,而且并不算是zui强烈的不快乐的体验。自我在向复合度更高的组织发展时,也有另一种经常有规律出现的不快乐情感迸发的状况,出现在心理构造内部发生的冲突及矛盾中。心理构造所承载的全部能量,几乎都来自内部的本能冲动,而不是全部的本能冲动都可以达到一样的发展阶段。这样的情况可能反复地发生:个别的或部分的本能和另一批能够联合进入自我的包容性统一体的本能,在目的或者要求上面达不成一致,于是通过压抑的过程离开了那个统一体,在精神发展的较低阶段停留,从一开始就丧失了获得满足的可能性。即使这个本能接下来在通过曲折坎坷的过程后,充满艰辛地成功获得满足乃至满足的替代品(这在受压抑的性本能身上经常发生),那么这种在其他情境下可以获得快乐感受的契机,自我却将其处理成了不快乐的感受。恰好这时,旧的冲突被压抑而告终了,在一股新的本能依据唯乐原则而寻求快乐时,违背唯乐原则的状况出现了。有关压抑是如何把本来可以获得快乐的可能变成不快乐的起因,这个过程人们还没能详尽地将它描述出来,可能认识得还不够清楚。不过不用怀疑,所有神经症的不快乐都来自这种不快乐,也就是没有能力把快乐感受成快乐。
刚才讲到的两种带来不快乐的根源,远不足以概括我们大多数不快乐的体验。但是对其余的体验来说,我们的论据足以说明,它们的存在和唯乐原则的主导作用毫不冲突。我们所体验到的大部分不快乐都是知觉上的不快乐。它们可能是对未能得到满足的本能引起的压力的感知,也可能本来就是痛苦的,或者是使心理构造产生不快乐预期(即被心理构造识别为“危险”)的外部知觉。这些对本能的要求和危险的威胁做出的反应,才是心理构造正常的反应活动,这样就能正确地得到唯乐原则的指导,也能受到对唯乐原则有所改动的唯实原则的指导。这样就没有必要限制唯乐原则的应用范围。此外,研究对外部危险做出的心理反应,正好能够为我们当前所讨论的主题提供新的研究材料和提出新的问题。
……

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