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魔鬼经济学3:用反常思维解决问题

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《魔鬼经济学》,关于聪明人怎样看世界的书,畅销数十个国家的大众经济学经典。

逃出认知囚笼,以经济学方式探索日常生活背后的世界。

革命性的思考、引人入胜的故事、不同寻常的分析,揭示事物表象之下真实的一面。

当今全球超级有趣的大脑,教你如何更有效、更有创造力、更理智地观察和思考。

《纽约时报》、《华尔街日报》、《华盛顿邮报》、《经济学人》等全球各大媒体推荐


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魔鬼经济学3 用反常思维解决问题 罗辑思维推荐
Author Description

史蒂芬·列维特(Steven D. Levitt),芝加哥大学经济学教授,约翰·贝茨·克拉克奖得主(该奖被称为“小诺贝尔奖”),被誉为“当今美国40岁以下负盛名的经济学家”,他的声誉得到了整个经济学界的公认。

列维特1989年毕业于哈佛大学,1994年在麻省理工学院取得经济学博士学位,1997年进入芝加哥大学执教,短短两年时间,列维特就成为芝加哥大学经济学院终身教授。

2002年列维特被选为美国科学院经济学部委员。他还担任《政治经济学杂志》(JPE)的编辑和《经济学季刊》(OJE)的编辑。克林顿政府曾经力邀他加入自己的智囊团。小布什总统在大选的时候也把“请到列维特作为犯罪专家”作为拉拢选票的一张底牌。


史蒂芬·都伯纳(Stephen J. Dubner),获奖作家、记者、电台和电视名人。他放弃了使他几乎成为摇滚明星的首份职业,成为了一名作家,曾就职于《纽约时报》,著有《骚动的灵魂》《一个英雄崇拜者的自白》,另著有儿童图书《长两个肚脐眼的男孩》。


Comments

列维特与都伯纳巧妙地连类比物,通过对比乍看起来毫无关联的话题,挖掘富于启发性的真理,这让《魔鬼经济学》读起来妙趣横生。《魔鬼经济学》是一部优秀的著作,旁征博引了大量难以置信却又引人入胜的历史资料,这让作者有别于通俗社会学家之流。

-《纽约时报》


假如经济学界也有“duobao奇兵”,那一定会是史蒂芬·列维特,他是一个特立独行的寻宝猎人,凭着自己的智慧、胆识和离经叛道获得了成功……《魔鬼经济学》读起来就像一部侦探小说……经济学家生怕手中资本贬值,往往吝于褒奖。因此,我费尽心思地想从这本书里挑刺儿,但我还是放弃了。抨击《魔鬼经济学》就像抨击热巧克力圣代……圣代上的樱桃就是列维特的合著者史蒂芬·都伯纳。身为记者,他显然了解自己所写的内容,娓娓道来的文风让你时而忍俊不禁,时而瞠目结舌。都伯纳先生是很难得一见的珍宝,列维特先生能找到他,是我们的幸事。

-《华尔街日报》


愉快的阅读体验……实际上,本书展示了平淡无奇、陈旧迂腐的经济学在刨根问底、深谙其道的经济学家手中可以起到什么作用……材料引人入胜……本书总能找到本身趣味无穷又能对更广泛的议题富有启发意义的问题,进而用别出心裁的方式做出解答。

-《经济学人》


引人关注且始终富于趣味性的作品,提出了很多真知灼见,充满了惊喜……《魔鬼经济学》中的有趣观点层出不穷。

-《华盛顿邮报图书世界》


我们自以为了解世界的运转方式,但实则不然……《魔鬼经济学》利用经济学和翔实的数据质疑我们对万事万物的先入为主之见……读罢之后,你不仅知道了几则可在聚会上讲的趣闻逸事,还会以更加批判的眼光看待许多所谓的真相。

-《哈佛商业评论》


发人深省、引人入胜……光是那些冷知识就能值回标价了……史蒂芬·列维特自称是无所不能的知识界侦探,但凡是引起他兴趣的人类行为之谜,他都可以揭开。这么说或许有些大言不惭,但《魔鬼经济学》证明,这么说是有底气的。

-《纽约时报书评》


请设想一个有着天马行空思维、绝顶聪明的经济学家,再设想他只有9岁,想了解一切,这就是史蒂芬·列维特的基本形象……每一章都是一次发人深省的实地考察,就像马尔科姆·格拉德维尔在《引爆点》和《眨眼之间》两部书中对人性的探索一样。

-《时代周刊》


史蒂芬·列维特拥有全美国有意思的头脑,而《魔鬼经济学》读起来就像在阳光灿烂的夏日同他一起悠闲地散步,他举起手摇了摇手指,便颠覆了一切你所理解的真理。做好为之叹服的准备。

-马尔科姆·格拉德维尔


列维特使用了简洁巧妙的统计工具,他直击问题要害,选取引人入胜的话题。所有社会学家都应扪心自问,他们所研究的课题在趣味性或重要性方面是否比得上这一佳作。

-《洛杉矶时报书评》


这部史上独特的统计方法研究著作出自世界知名经济学家之手……列维特(与合著者都伯纳)从人类行为的混乱数据中寻找逻辑。他的结论常常令人大开眼界,有时甚至目瞪口呆(他的一条理论是,高堕胎率有助于减少犯罪。这想必会让他在短期内自绝于白宫)……读起来很有意思。

-《娱乐周刊》


大批经济学家前赴后继、不辞辛劳地破解货币政策等错综复杂的议题,而史蒂芬·列维特却在用经济学模型解答更有意思的问题,并因此名声大噪。

-《旧金山纪事报》


特立独行的经济学家史蒂芬·列维特解释了为何很多有关金钱的道理你自以为了解,却并不正确……他从经济学角度重新审视日常话题。

-《金钱》


这本有趣的读物将经济学原理用于审视日常生活。

-《人物》(好书介绍)


《魔鬼经济学》的展开不像典型的晦涩难懂的经济学论文,倒像是那种会让你熬夜去看的侦探小说……扣人心弦。

-《芝加哥论坛报》


Catalogue

第一章 什么是“魔鬼式思考”?

第二章 承认自己不知道

第三章 你的问题是什么?

第四章 真相在问题的根源

第五章 像孩子一样思考

第六章 爱吃糖的孩子

第七章 所罗门王和大卫·李·罗斯有什么共同点?

第八章 如何说服不想被说服的人?

第九章 放弃的好处

致 谢


Book Abstract

第一章

什么是“魔鬼式思考”?

写了《魔鬼经济学》和《魔鬼经济学2》之后,我们从读者那儿收到了各式各样的问题反馈。大学文凭还有价值吗?(答案:有。)把家族企业传给下一代,这个想法好吗?(如果你的目标是关门大吉,那么没错—数据显示最好能吸纳外界管理人员。)还有人得腕管综合征吗?(记者们摆脱这种病痛困扰之后便不再对其进行报道,但还是有人未能幸免,尤其是蓝领工人。)

有些问题关乎存在感:什么才能使人真正幸福?收入不均衡问题真如看似那般危险吗?富含ω-3脂肪酸的饮食习惯能带来世界和平吗?

人们想知道一些事物的利弊:无人驾驶汽车、母乳喂养、化疗、地产税、水力压裂法、彩票、“药用祷告”、网上相亲、专利法改革、偷猎犀牛、铁杆开球、虚拟货币等等。这一分钟,我们收到电邮请求我们“解决肥胖流行病”;五分钟之后,又有人强烈要求我们“立马扫除饥饿”。

读者似乎认为没有我们猜不出的谜语和解不了的难题,仿佛我们拥有什么专有工具—人们可能会以为我们有魔鬼经济钳之类的东西—可以挖掘一切机体的潜在智慧。

真若如此该多好!

而实际上解决问题并不容易。只要问题存在,你便能断定曾有很多人试图解决它,但都没有成功。解决简单的问题轻而易举,余下的则都是困难的。更何况,为了回答哪怕一个细微的问题,收集、整理并分析数据都是需要大量时间的。

因此我们想,与其试图回答每一个问题(还不一定成功),不如写一本书教教大家如何进行魔鬼式思考。

究竟是什么样的思考方式呢?

想象你是名脚法精湛的足球运动员,并已带领国家队站在了世界杯决赛的赛场上。你现在只需要罚中一枚点球。好运站在你这边:在高级别比赛中,约75%的点球都能罚中。

当你把球置于点球点时,看台上的观众沸腾了。此时距离球门只有12码,球门长8码,高8英尺。

守门员死死盯着你。一旦从球鞋上弹出后,足球会以每小时80英里的速度飞向球门。在这样的速度下,守门员不可能等待球踢出后再做判断。他必须做出预判并朝那个方向移动身体。倘若他的预判是错的,那么你罚中的概率便会上升到约90%。

以足够的力量射向球门死角是最好的方式,即便守门员猜对方向也很难扑中。可是这种方法不允许有丝毫误差:脚下微小的失误,球就会飞离球门。所以你也许不能太苛求角度,瞄准得稍微离球门角远些—尽管这样提高了守门员的扑中概率。

你还要选择是踢向左门角还是右门角。你若和大多数球员一样,是右脚球员,则更擅长踢向左角。这意味着更有力、更精准,当然守门员也知道这一点。所以他们面对来球时,57%的情况下会向左扑,而41%会向右扑。

你站在球场上—观众热情高涨,而你心跳飞快—准备着将会改变人生的一脚。全世界都注视着你,你的国家在为你祈祷。球若进了,你的名字将永远像最受爱戴的神那样被人提及。若没踢进—嗯,最好还是别去想了。

选择在你脑中盘旋。到底是踢向擅长的左角还是不太擅长的右角?是要瞄准球门死角还是该保稳?你面对这个守门员踢过点球吗?要是踢过,你当时朝哪儿踢的?他朝哪儿扑的?与此同时,你还在揣测守门员的心理,甚至还试图猜想他是如何揣测你的心理的。

你知道成为大英雄的概率是75%。还不错。但若能提高概率岂不是更好?还有没有更好的方式来思考这个问题?你若能跳出常理,是否就能打败对手?你知道守门员现在正在挣扎该向左还是向右扑。但是如果……我是说如果……你既不向左也不向右踢,就像想象中愚蠢至极的样子踢向球门正中央,结果又将如何?

球门正中央,就是守门员现在站的位置,但你很确定大脚一起他就会移位。别忘了概率统计数字:守门员面对来球,57%的情况下会向左扑,而41%向右。这就意味着每100次扑球中,守门员只有两次会守在原地不动。当然预备向两边扑球的守门员也有可能扑中踢向中心的球,但那概率才有多大?真希望你能去看看踢向球门中心的点球数据!

好吧,我们这里就有这个数据:踢向球门中心的点球,看似风险很大,却比踢向两边的命中率高出7%。

你是否要冒这个险呢?

假设答案是肯定的。你走到球跟前,左脚扎稳,右脚提起飞射。你瞬间便被震慑到骨子里的呐喊声所包围:“进啦!!!”队友一窝蜂地冲向你,观众陷入狂欢。这一刻将永远被铭记;你的余生都将是个欢乐的大派对;你的孩子们,也会茁壮成长,成为富有又善良的人。恭喜你!

尽管瞄准球门中央的点球成功率明显更高,但实际只有17%的球是踢向中央的。为什么那么少?

其中一个原因是,乍听起来这不是个好主意。就这样直愣愣地往守门员身上踢球?这听着别扭,好像有违常识,但是给体内注射微生物,从而预防由该种微生物引发的疾病不也是违背常识的吗?

另外,主罚点球队员的优势是那份神秘感:守门员不知来球方向。如果他们总是踢向同一个方向,命中概率便会大大降低;如果他们常常踢向球门中心,守门员也会相应调整扑球策略。

这里还有第三个,也是很重要的原因。它解释了为什么在像世界杯这样重大的赛事中球员不愿向球门中央踢点球,不过任何一个正常的球员都不会承认这点:惧怕羞辱。

假设你是那个主罚队员。在这骚乱的时刻,你最真实的动机是什么?答案或许很明显:你想得分,为你的队伍赢得比赛。如果真是这样,数据统计明白地显示应该踢向球门中央。可赢得比赛是你最真实的动机吗?

想象你站在球跟前,准备好向球门中央瞄准。请等一下,如果守门员不扑向两边怎么办?假如不知为何他守在了球门中央而你的球正中其怀,他半步不移就挽救了自己的国家,那可怎么办?你看上去将是多么可悲!现在守门员成了英雄,而你必须携全家逃亡他国以防被谋杀。

所以你又重新考虑了。

你还是选择了传统的射门方向,踢向球门一角。假如守门员猜对了方向并扑出了球—那你也尽力了,尽管还有更好的方式。你没能成为大英雄,不过也不必背井离乡了。

你若听从这种利己动机—避免做出愚蠢举动以保护自己的名声—你便更有可能踢向边角。

你若从集体利益出发—冒着自己出丑的危险为国争光—你就会踢向中间。

有时在人生中,径直走向中心是最英勇的举动。

……


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Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book