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Jingdong book

实验心理学(第9版)

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实验心理学(第9版)

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在众多的实验心理学著作中,有两本堪称20世纪美国实验心理学教材的代表之作:一本是伍德沃斯与施罗斯伯格合著的《实验心理学》,而另一本就是坎特威茨等人合著的《实验心理学》。两本书都以其集时代之大成而在实验心理学界享有盛誉,更由于实验心理学在整个心理学科中的特殊地位而影响巨大。如果说伍德沃斯的书是集行为主义之大成,像一本实验心理学的大百科全书,虽已布满历史的尘埃,仍不失其重要的史料价值和里程碑的耀眼光环,那么,坎特威茨的书则代表了当代认知心理学的发展水平,像一套精心编撰的讲义,将知识和方法有条不紊地呈现给读者,使其能把握实验心理学的时代脉搏。
《实验心理学(第9版)》作者致力呈现一种兼容并蓄的实验心理学,尽力实现方法和内容的有机融合。《实验心理学(第9版)》主要包括两个部分。前5章构成了第一部分“研究的基本问题”,向学习者介绍需要了解的一些研究方法的基本知识:科学与理论建构的一般问题;观察法、相关法和实验法(重点介绍了最后一种)的特点(以及差异);研究中的道德问题;以及如何阅读与撰写研究报告。
其余的10章构成了《实验心理学(第9版)》的第二部分“实验心理学的基本原则与实践”,作者以实际的研究问题为背景举例说明了一些方法上的问题,使得第一部分所介绍的理论知识变得有血有肉。这些章节都以其内容为标题(如,知觉),其中所涉及的一些内容是由于其本身的需要,但这些章节编排的主要目的还是为了在实际研究的背景中介绍有关的研究方法。这样的组织方式也反映了编者的一种理念,这就是让学生掌握研究方法的最好方式是将其结合到研究的实际问题之中,希望在一些重要的研究背景下介绍研究方法能够帮助学习者认识到方法选择的重要性。
Author Description

坎特威茨(Kantowitz B.H.),心理学及工业与运营工程学(Industrial and OpationalEngineering)教授,美国密歇根大学(University of Michigan)交通运输研究所前主任。之前,他曾在西雅图的巴特尔研究所人的因素交通运输研究中心担任首席科学家。
罗迪格,自1996年执教于美国圣路易市华盛顿大学(Washington University),现为该校詹姆斯.麦克唐纳心理学杰出大学教授(James S.McDonnellDistinguished University Professor of psychology)、教务规划长(Dean of Academic Planning)。他于1969年在华盛顿与李大学(Washington and Lee University)获得心理学学士学位。
埃尔姆斯(ElmesD.G.),美国华盛顿与李大学心理学荣誉教授,曾在该校执教40余年。他以优异成绩在弗吉尼亚大学获得学士学位,之后又在该校获得了硕士和博士学位。埃尔姆斯曾在哈姆普顿悉尼学院任兼职教授,在密歇根大学的人类绩效中心担任了一年的研究助理。
Catalogue

作者简介/1
译者序/5
前言/11
第一部分 研究的基本问题/1
第一章 什么是科学心理学/3
对大干世界的探索/4
社会惰化/4
好奇心:科学的源泉/6
知识的来源/7
信念的确立/7
科学解释的性质/9
何谓理论?/9
归纳与演绎/10
从理论到假设/14
评估理论/17
中介变量/18
徜徉于心理学理论中的“狐狸”和“刺猬”/21
心理科学/22
心理学与现实的世界/23
小结/27
重要术语/27
讨论题目/28
网络资源/28

第二章 研究技术:观察与相关/29
自然观察法/31
我们观察什么?/33
反应性/35
个案研究/37
调查研究/39
自然观察法的优缺点/40
相关研究法/44
列联研究/44
相关研究/46
相关系数/46
复相关程序/53
原因:一个注解/56
小结/58
重要术语/60
讨论题目/60
网络资源/61
实验室资源/62

第三章 研究技术:实验/63
什么是实验?/64
实验的优点/65
为什么做实验/66
变量/67
自变量/68
因变量/68
控制变量/69
变量命名/70
多个自变量/71
多个因变量/76
实验设计/77
被试间设计/77
被试内设计/78
小样本设计/80
混合设计/80
控制条件/81
陷阱/82
准实验/85
从问题到实验:研究细节/91
做实验/91
数据/92
获得数据/92
分析数据/94
报告数据/94
小结/95
重要术语/96
讨论题目/97
网络资源/97

第四章 心理学研究的道德/98
以人为被试的研究/99
知情同意和隐瞒/102
退出的自由/103
免遭伤害的保护和研究通告/104
消除有害后果/104
保密/105
以动物为被试的研究准则/106
反对以动物为研究对象的观点/106
支持以动物为研究对象的观点/107
研究中使用动物的指导原则/109
科学欺骗/110
道德实践的监督/112
小结/114
重要术语/115
讨论题目/115
网络资源/115
推荐阅读的材料/116
课后练习:理解并记住知情同意协议/116

第五章 如何阅读和撰写研究报告/u8
如何进行文献检索/119
论文的各部分/120
题目和作者/120
摘要/121
引言/121
方法/121
结果/122
讨论/124
参考文献/124
善问的读者使用的核对清单/125
引言/125
方法/126
结果/126
讨论/127
……
第二部分 实验心理学的基本原则与实践
第六章 心理物理学
第七章 知觉
第八章 注意和反应时
第九章 条件反射与学习
第十章 记忆与遗忘
第十一章 思维与问题解决
第十二章 个别差异与发展
第十三章 社会影响
第十四章 环境心理学
……
Book Abstract

普罗科特和卡帕尔迪(Proctor&Capaldi,2001)针对波珀的观点提出了两点反对意见。首先是逻辑上的问题(Salmon,1988)。既然任何一种理论都可能被下一个实验所推翻,那么已经出现的支持该理论的实验数量就变得无足轻重了。这样一来,得到众多实验支持的理论也就不一定比从未经过检验的理论更具预测力。这种观点显然是与科学家们的实证观点相悖的,因为科学家们更倾向于支持那些得到过众多实验验证的理论.而实证观点(Kuhn,1970)正是普罗科特和卡帕尔迪用以反对可证伪观点的第二个理由:某一理论如果要为人们所接受,首先应该具有的是对已经存在的现象进行解释(或者组织)的能力,而不是对新结果进行预测的能力。
演绎法的问题与其演绎的理论本身有关。绝大部分理论都包含着很多有关现实世界的假设,而这些假设又很难被验证,其中有些可能还是错误的。比如,在拉坦的研究中就存在一个基本的理论假设,即实验情境中的个体行为与拉坦所要研究的生活中的社会惰化行为相同。虽然这是个合理的假设,但当个体处于不自然的情境中被观察时,他们常常会作出一些特殊的反应,这种反应性我们在后面的章节中会讲到。由此可知,拉坦的这个基本假设有时候可能是错的。如果未被验证的假设是错的,那么对某一理论进行证伪的实验即使可能已经达到了目的,但其证伪的理由却是错的。也就是说,这种验证可能是不合理的或不恰当的。因此可知,演绎法本身是不能产生科学理解的。
Introduction

“实验心理学”一词过去常常只用于指少数几个特定的心理学研究领域。比如,1930年的实验是为了对感觉、知觉、学习、记忆以及其他一些心理学问题进行研究。如今的情况则截然不同:实验方法被应用在社会心理学、发展心理学、个体差异以及其他许多心理学(如环境心理学)的研究之中,而它们在80年以前还不是心理学的研究对象。实验方法的使用已经延伸到了这一领域的几乎所有方面。因此,撰写一本针对这一主题的教材也变得越来越具有挑战性了。
本书自1978年问世以来已经是第九版了。每一版都根据教师和学生们的意见作了大大小小的改动,这一版也不例外。熟悉前一版的读者会发现每章都有变化。我们尽力将前八版的精华部分保留下来并增添了一些新的元素,以使本书更具吸引力(后面将详述有关改动)。承蒙读者一直以来的厚爱,使我们得以推出本书的新版,这令我们倍感欣慰,因为我们可以对这本教材进行改进,并再次享受到为其工作的快乐。

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