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Jingdong book

中国民主革命进程中由国民党主导的四次大战之:护国大战

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1915年12月。袁世凯伪造民意,公然帝制自为,毁弃辛亥革命成果,引起全国强烈反对。原云南都督蔡锷与国民党人李烈钧等设法摆脱袁的控制赶赴昆明。联合云南督军唐继尧于25日通电反袁,宣布独立。并成立护国军政府和护国军。1916年初。护国军向四川和两广进军,护国战争开始。袁世凯调兵讨伐。护国军在川桂等地的奋战得到各方的响应。1月贵卅宣告独立,3月广西宣告独立。孙中山领导的革命党人也起兵反袁,北洋军内部也发生了分裂。袁氏孤立。5月底。袁的心腹陈宦、汤芗铭分别在川湘宣告独立,袁气恼交加于6月6日病死。护国大战遂告结束。
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Catalogue

楔子
第一章 孙中山就任中华民国临时大总统
第二章 袁世凯窃位
第三章 唐内阁焦头烂额
第四章 一出文武合璧的连台戏
第五章 张武赴京遇难
第六章 孙中山、黄兴晤袁氏
第七章 国民党的建立
第八章 宋教仁之死
第九章 国会成立与袁氏秘密大借款
第十章 革命党的“二次革命”
第十一章 袁世凯二次窃位
第十二章 袁世凯武力解散国民党
第十三章 “政治俘虏”
第十四章 袁氏的“政治会议”
第十五章 熊内阁“寿终正寝”
第十六章 徐世昌复古与“癞蛤蟆”“尊孔”“祀天”
第十七章 复辟之年
第十八章 中华革命党的成立
第十九章 袁氏的“废省改道”与“废督裁兵”
第二十章 袁氏与日本的“二十一条”
第二十一章 袁段分裂
第二十二章 “六君子”与“筹安会”
第二十三章 请愿联合会
第二十四章 袁氏深信阴阳否泰之说
第二十五章 帝国列强对袁氏帝制的态度
第二十六章 蔡锷秘密出京
第二十七章 各代表推戴袁氏称帝
第二十八章 中华革命党的反袁斗争
第二十九章 护国之战
第三十章 新旧约法之争
第三十一章 惩治帝制“七凶”
Book Abstract

悉数予以否决。少数议员主张让陆一试,其理由为:陆在参议院的演说,系说明提出阁员的理由,并非发表政见;当前局势有政府总比无政府好,陆组阁还未成,未经考验,无从分别其好坏;陆叙其生平不赌博不做生意,正见其人不矫饰不欺人;即使陆不擅长演说,亦不见得不能担任总理;陆在参议院获得74张同意票,今若仅因一席谈话便推翻其总理,则当日之74张同意票岂非盲举。
但是参议院最终还是把陆所提的6位阁员名单全部否决。陆征祥还未过国务总理的瘾便先尝到当总唐绍仪组阁时,原以混合各党派的内阁相号召,结果闹得如此分歧,于是大家认为混合多党派的内阁不是好办法,应该组织政党内阁,如英国式。6月21日,同盟会、共和党、统一共和党三党党员举行联合会,以交换唐去后对新阁组织的意见。同盟会坚持要求组织一个政党内阁,共和党则主张超党派的超然内阁,统一共和党赞成超然内阁却反对共和党所提"国务总理必举总统信任者"。这个联合会意见完全不能一致。同盟会乃推派代表晋谒袁世凯,申述对新阁意见,建议组织政党内阁,绝不参加混合内阁,而袁此时已不把同盟会的意见当成一回事了,他已决心要陆征祥为国务总理了。
6月28日,同盟会举行职员会讨论组织内阁问题。蔡元培提议同盟会各国务员应全行退职,以示本会主张纯粹政党内阁之意见。而刘揆一首先反对,他说同盟会在北京已属势力薄弱,若国务员退出则将来内阁消息亦难闻问,前途殊多滞碍。宋教仁则坚决主张"纯粹政党内阁"。
最后,会议同意了宋教仁提出的由陆征祥出任国务总理的建议。
陆征祥,字子欣,上海人,曾为广方言馆毕业生,嗣奉调出洋,为历任公使所倚重,不数年擢升参赞,继充荷兰公使,又继任海牙和平会专使。至民国第一次组阁,因他是外交熟手,遂召他回国,令为外交总长。陆性平和,且无一定的党派,因此老袁令他继任。这时候的参议院中,议长林森回籍,副议长王正廷、署理工商次长两人统已出院,乃改举奉天吴景濂为议长,湖北汤化龙为副议长。议员数十人,然却分作好几个党派。
陆征祥的内阁是个"超然内阁",按袁世凯的话说是既不属于袁系,也不是同盟会或君主立宪派。
陆征祥的内阁中有四个部的总长获得连任。为:外交陆征祥兼,内务赵秉钧,陆军段祺瑞,海军刘冠雄。由于这4名阁员连任,所以不提交参议院征求同意。提交参议院的另外6个新阁员名单是:财政总长周自齐,司法总长章宗祥,教育总长孙毓筠,农林总长王人文,交通总长胡惟德,工商总长沈秉坤。
7月18日,陆征祥经参议院以74票通过其出任总理。
7月19日,参议院投票表决陆所提的阁员同意案时,多数议员们竟以不信任总理而理的苦头,只好称病住进医院。
参议院否决了陆内阁新阁员名单后,同盟会的议员们认为袁世凯的“超然内阁”路线走不通,于是大家又唱出“政党责任内阁”。拥宋主张,并由宋教仁组阁,亦有主张由黎元洪组阁的,还有一派主张由蔡锷组阁,因蔡是统一共和党人,而其主张又和共和党接近。同盟会对蔡亦引为同志,蔡锷出来组阁,同盟会和统一共和党都会全力支持,共和党亦无从反对。
而参议院中部分议员亦认为应该委曲求全,其他如孙毓筠则认为总统可以解散参议院,与其无政府,不如无参议院,北京各报亦赞成孙的提议。
章炳麟、张绍曾、孙毓筠、王赓等亦致电武昌的黎元洪,表示对议会的反感。
袁世凯见否定了6名阁员,很是生气,其密令武昌军界首领前鄂第四镇统制邓玉麟、军务部长阎鸿飞、军政府军咨官方兴等,联名致函参议院。对参议院的行为公开指责。同时,拿出他的法宝——北洋军。其密令北京军警联合会发表通电,骂参议院议员“挟持党见,故作艰难,破坏大局”。袁还招待全体议员,宣布国际间的危机以及无政府的危险。这时出现了许多奇奇怪怪的通电和传单,有说要杀议长吴景濂及谷钟秀的,有说要用炸弹对付议员的,有说军警要暴动的,吓得许多寄居财政学堂的参议员们竞偷偷地搬了出去,同时不敢出席参议院。
北京军警联合会议除了发表公开电而外,还召开特别会议,会场中情绪甚为激烈,认为参议院误国,应用武力解决之,最后决议:(一)请大总统再规劝参议院;(二)公推代表往谒陆总理,请其打消辞意;(三)如参议院仍顽固不化,仍不投同意票,则请大总统解散参议院。最后还发表了一项声明,说是明知军警不应干涉政治,但为了国家前途不得不出此。第二天,军警代表40余人趋赴国务院谒陆。军警代表余大鸿道:“当前外交危急,非总理维持不可,外问虽有阻力,但请总理千万不可求去,这是我们军警界全体的意思。本来我们军警界并不想干预政治,不过我们亦是国民一分子,国家到了如此地步,我们出于国民天职,不能不有此一来,何况南北之能达到统一,就是由于南北军人以国家为前提,不忍兵戎相见,使国家纷乱,同胞受苦。今天如果总理一去,国事瓦解,外患相侵,战祸必不能免,所以我们才来见总理,请你打消辞意。”
陆征祥道:“我在外国多年,还没有见到军人对国务员有如此的诚恳和善意,使我不仅感激,而且十二分感动。今后无论如何必将尽全力服务,即使牺牲名誉,牺牲地位,牺牲性命亦在不惜。请各位把我的意思转达全体军警界的同人,我非常谢谢。”
在参议院第二次投票同意陆阁阁员之前,北洋军系的毅军总统姜桂题、直隶提督马金叙、执法处长陆建章、拱卫军司令官段芝贵4人,约请同盟会会员陈策,在安庆会馆宴请参议员,并有新闻记者和政界人士参加。
宴会临到尾声时,有一个名不见经传的新闻记者陈绍唐,突然站起身来大声吼叫说:“明天不通过补充阁员名单,即当宣布议员死刑,勿谓言之不预!”
7月26日,袁世凯再以咨文给参议院,谓:“前次提出六员,既经贵院否决,兹特重行遴选,拟任周学熙为财政总长,许世英为司法总长,范源濂为教育总长,陈振先为农林总长,蒋作宾为工商总长,朱启钤为交通总长,依照《临时约法》第三十四条咨请贵院同意。”
这个咨文事先很秘密,提交参议院后,只有工商总长蒋作宾未获通过,改由刘揆一递补,获得参议院同意。至此,僵持了整整一个月的无政府状态乃告结束。
以上6人,周、许、朱三人都是北洋派旧官僚,范是君主立宪派,陈、刘二人都是同盟会会员。同盟会本已约束全体会员不得参加新内阁,可是有人硬要过总长的瘾,不受约束,同盟会也只好听之任之。
这出文武合璧的连台好戏,是民国成立以来北洋军阀使用武力威胁议会的第一炮。但是,同盟会和参议院人士,都认为这件事情没有什么了不起,为了保持南北统一,为了避免列强干涉,都应当容忍下去。正由于同盟会采取了这种大量容人的态度,使得袁步步专权,得寸进尺。
这时,袁世凯发布了各省都督名单,为:黎元洪兼湖北都督,谭延闽为湖南都督,孙道仁为福建都督,朱瑞为浙江都督,李烈钧为江西都督,尹昌衡为四川都督,张凤翔为陕西都督,胡汉民为广东都督,陆荣廷为广西都督,冯国璋为直隶都督,赵尔巽为奉天都督,陈照常为吉林都督,宋小濂为黑龙江都督,程德全为江苏都督,柏文蔚为安徽都督,周自齐为山东都督,张镇芳为河南都督,阎锡山为山西都督,赵惟熙为甘肃都督,杨增新为新疆都督,蔡锷为云南都督,唐继尧为贵州都督。
同时在总统府内设立财政会议,每星期一开会一次,由袁世凯亲自主持,出席会议的几乎全部和借款事有关联,计为:梁士诒、叶恭绰、梁如浩、胡惟德、施愚、熊希龄、周学熙、赵秉钧。

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