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大学教师教学发展经典读本译丛:高效能教学的七种方法

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《大学教师教学发展经典读本译丛:高效能教学的七种方法》包括三部分,第一部分为教与学的基本概念,详细介绍了传统教学范式, 21世纪教学新情景以及教学范式变革的重要性;各种教学途径;七种学习法。第二部分为怎样教学使七种学习法变得更容易,对于各种学习方法,作者从学习方法的起源、学习方法的内外部影响因素等方面进行了阐述,最后针对教师的教学,提供了巧妙的教学策略,以便使学生在使用该学习法学习时,能更好地获取相应的知识。第三部分介绍了大学教学范式的革新。为21世纪教师针对学生不同学习需求调整教学方法提供了参考。
Catalogue

第一篇 理解教与学的概念
第一章 授课范式的变革
范式概述
2l世纪授课范式变革的必要性及其诱因
传统范式日渐衰落,困惑成为主导
第二章 可能的教学途径
基于学习参与的教学途径
基于普通教学方法的教学途径
基于区分成人教育学儿童教育学的教学途径
基于学生差异的教学途径
基于不同的学习风格的教学途径
基于不同的学习策略的教学途径
基于技术手段的教学途径
其他教学途径
理清思路
第三章 基于七种学习方法的教学
将教与学重新联系起来
完善的学习理论
确定学习目标
学习方法的选择
七种学习方法之间的关系
学习方法选择的注意事项
第二篇有效组织教与学
第四章 基于行为学习法的教学——培养技能
将随机行为塑成一种技能
行为学习法的起源
对行为学习法的已有认识
如何评价行为学习法的学习效果
适合行为学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第五章 基于认知学习法的教学——获取知识
获取知识
认知学习法的起源
对认知学习法的已有认识
注意力的影响因素及强化注意力的教学策略
信息加工
记忆
如何评价认知学习法的学习效果
适合认知学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第六章 基于探究式学习法的教学——培养批判性、创造性和对话式思维
思维
探究式学习法的起源
对探究式学习法的已有认识
批判性思维
创造性思维
对话式思维
教师应如何推动探究式学习
适合探究式学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第七章 基于心智模型学习法的教学——培养解决问题和决策的能力
问题和决策
心智模型概述
心智模型学习法的起源
培养学生解决问题和做出决策的能力
从解决问题到做出决策
教师应如何推行心智模型学习法
如何评价心智模型学习法的学习效果
适合心智模型学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第八章 基于群组学习法的教学——探究态度、感受和视角
群体动力
群组学习法的起源
对群组学习法的已有认识
利用团队传授团队合作技能
让群组学习法发挥作用的教学策略
群组学习法中存在的问题
如果评价群组学习法的学习效果
适合群组学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第九章 基于虚拟实境学习法的教学——训练专业判断力
虚拟实境学习法的目的——弥合学习情景与现实之间的差距
虚拟实境学习法的起源
对虚拟实境学习法的已有认识
角色扮演
戏剧情节
模拟和游戏
如何评价虚拟实境学习法的学习效果
适合虚拟实境学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第十章 基于体验式学习法的教学——反思体验
体验式学习
对体验式学习法的已有认识
在行动中反思
体验式学习法的起源
认知神经科学
大脑是怎样运作的
从大脑研究到体验式学习法
教师应如何促进体验式学习法
促进反思
个人身份意识与文化差异意识
如何评价体验式学习法的学习效果
支持体验式学习法的技术
最后思考
要点回顾
第三篇 变革大学教学范式
第十一章 目的更明确、更高效、更有趣的教学
目的更明确的教学
更高效的教学
更有趣的教学
改革大学教学的宏观任务
学习带头人
未来教学展望
注释
索引
Book Abstract

确定学习目标
通往更有效、更圆满教学的道路上挤满了兜售各种诱人方案的“商贩”,但成功的关键是明确思考学生需要学习什么,并且将这些成果与最可能实现它们的学习方法关联起来。有效的教学首先是通过学习目标来实现的。教师提出的第一个问题是:我要教什么内容?第二个问题是:需要采用哪一种学习方法?教学(即教师的工作)必须牢固地根植于学习目标中并结合特定的学习方法。
因此,教师的首要任务是系统性地思考自己希望通过教学实现的预期学习成果,即教学目标。这个任务一般称为确定学习目标。学习目标并不包含在课程学科里,它们不在教学内容之列,而是学习者应当从这个学科中得到的东西或对这些学科知识的应用.学习目标可能千差万别,但这并不是个问题,因为学习本身也是千差万别的,而且可以利用完全不同的学习方法来帮助学习。
教师在设定学习目标时有时会对层次划分和具体程度感到困惑。这个领域的学者往往使用“目标”这个词而且建议采用三个层次的目标:在学校或教育项目层面上设定的全局目标,在课程层面上设定的教育目标以及在教学环节、课堂、单元或任务层面上设定的教学目标。全部三层目标都应相互保持一致,但最后一类目标(即教学目标)才是本书的重点。教学目标决定了所使用的学习方法。
具体地预测学习者在学习完成后能掌握什么知识或具备什么技能,对系统地思考教学目标相当有用。采用意义明确的动词(例如“解释”“证明”“运用”),在后面加上对学习的适当描述,可以帮助我们进行预测。例如,与“学生将学习亚当.斯密和马克思”或者“学生将了解自由市场和马克思主义”相比,“学生能够从四个主要方面对亚当.斯密和卡尔.马克思的理论进行比较:市场的作用、计戈帕勺程度、长期效果和社会公平”是一个表述较为充分的目标。只有从这个详细目标中,你才会真正认识到学生应当做什么。
布鲁姆教育目标分类学对认知领域的六类认知能力进行了划分,成为大学教师设定各类学习成果时非常有用的指南。布鲁姆分类学持续了50多年,至今仍然流行的原因在于,它是一个易于理解、非常实用的框架。几位学者对这个分类法的修正提高了原有框架的具体性。这些作者把知识维度从认知过程分离开来,而只有在认知过程这个维度中才能找到有助于描述学习的动词。”’很多人运用认知过程——记忆、理解、运用、分析、评价和创造——来设计自己的教学,这样的教学就不会局限于传授知识。
但务必记住的是,这种流行的分类学只是针对认知领域的,而高等教育中存在其他重要的学习类型。例如,技能培养、态度塑造和自我发现等都是高等教育的一部分。幸运的是,还有其他分类学可供我们参考。布鲁姆与其同事也开始从事动作技能范畴和情感范畴的研究,而他们的成果已被其他学者完善和发展。身体运动能力发展和运动技能运用被划分成动作技能范畴的七个层次。与之相似但较难明确阐述的情感范畴的五个层次——接受、反应、价值判断、组织化和个性化——阐明了对态度、观念和情感的认识和发展。
大学教师发现确定课程目标时,L迪·芬克(L.DeeFink)对重要学习目标的分类是一个有用的参考。芬克以制定重要学习目标的一系列问题为分类基础,而且在布鲁姆分类学的认知过程之外纳入了大学教学的其他目标。他提出的问题始于对基础知识(哪些关键信息或观念较为重要?学生需要记住或理解什么?)、运用(需要培养哪些类型的重要思维?学生需要学习哪些技能?他们需要学会管理哪些复杂的专题?)及整合(学生应当确定并建立哪些联系?)的关注。这些问题还包括教师时常欠缺考虑的方面:学生能够或应当对自己有什么认识?对与他人交流有什么认识?你希望他们的兴趣或价值观发生哪些变化?你希望学生对学习产生怎样的认识?……
Introduction

说实话,初次见到Facilitat5ngSevel、Ways。Learning(直译为《推行七种学习方法》)这个标题,我并没有太大的兴趣。图书馆里关于教与学的书籍俯拾皆是,大街上推销快速记忆、超级学习法的也随处可见。学习,原本反映了人们对知识的殷切渴望,在某些急功近利的“教育家”和投机取巧的企业家眼里却成为博取眼球、赚得利润的商品。
翻开图书馆里关于教与学的书籍,除了系统的介绍性文章外,出现得最多的就是以下名词:主动学习、合作学习、以学生为中心的教学,等等,这些词语在读者的记忆中如同这些书本一样落满了灰尘,模糊不清。离开图书馆,人们又回到了他们原来的那一套做法,正如本书所言,传统范式的地位是如此的难以撼动。
但时代的进步让人们不得不重新审视大学教学,传统范式面临着最为严峻的挑战。本书作者在解读范式改革的必要性与严峻性的同时,怀着系统梳理前人关于教与学的理论认识的宏图大志,将已有的研究作为铺垫,结合新时代更高的教学目标与更先进的教学手段,提出了七种最有效、最实用的学习方法。
当然,光是介绍学习方法并不能打动读者,笔者愚见,本书的亮点至少体现在以下三个方面:
一、无障碍阅读。本书结构非常清晰,作者从传统范式的困境说起,提出21世纪社会对人才的要求以及范式转换的必要性;接着提出适合新时代的七种学习方法,内容涉及历史渊源、实例分析、评估方法,等等,让读者更清楚各学习方法的来龙去脉,也增加了实际操作的可行性;最后总结改善大学教学的宏观任务,并提出大学教学模式革新的愿景,浑然天成,平实的理论阐述与鲜活的实例分析带给读者的是对大学教学的重新思考。
二、结果导向性强。结果导向是贯穿于本书最重要的一个思想,也是本书能在同类书籍中脱颖而出的一个重要原因。教师的首要任务就是确定预期学习成果,即教学目标,然后再根据想要达到的结果选择合适的学习方法,因此,明确教学目标永远是最重要的也是必须首先完成的。在这样一种思想的引导下,教师才不会被各种诱人的花哨方案所误导,才能朝正确的方向进行教学,而学生在正确的指导下,才能达成预期的学习成果。
三、理论与实践相结合。如果只是理论的阐述,那么这本书终究也逃不过被遗忘在图书馆一角的命运。作者在书中列举了大量的实例,让理论阐述更加生动,也让读者看到了学习方法的具体实施步骤与可操作性,更重要的是让读者看到了新学习方法的成果,这让他们对传统教学范式提出挑战更有信心。
在本书翻译的过程中,本着对读者、作者和出版者负责的精神,我们力求在内容和风格上与原著保持一致,尽量做到精准、到位、便于阅读。限于学识和水平,译稿中难免有遗漏和失误之处,还请读者不吝指正!
陈定刚
2014年3月

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