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Jingdong book

环境监测基础

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Jingdong book

环境监测基础

Name: 环境监测基础
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3101011201
Price: 25.91 USD
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《环境监测基础》比较全面地介绍了环境监测所要掌握的基本内容。简要介绍了用于学习环境科学及环境分析的基本概念和基础知识；阐述了在制订监测方案时，必须了解污染物在环境中的扩散、再富集及其最终的归趋；简要介绍了采样、分析检测、如何选择实验室内或现场分析方法及相关的质量管理和质量控制等内容；重点讨论了水质主成分分析及水中痕量污染物的监测；针对实际应用，着重阐述了土壤、固体及固体污染物萃取及其后续分析技术，并且特别关注了倾废和前工业用地再利用问题；在关注新技术、新方法的基础上，阐述了室内、外大气和烟道气中气相成分的分析、监测；讨论、评述了超痕量污染物分析、监测中的一些特殊问题。《环境监测基础》可作为环境相关专业的本科生、研究生及相关从业人员的教材或参考书，特别是双语教学的参考书，也可供相关专业研究人员、技术人员参考阅读。

Catalogue

第1章简介1
1.1 环境1
1.2 人们关注环境的原因2
1.2.1 当今世界2
1.2.2 过去和现在的罪行2
1.3 污染3
1.4 化学分析的必要性5
总结6

第2章污染物在环境中的迁移及其分析方法7
2.1 简介7
2.2 源、扩散、再聚集和降解7
2.3 中性有机化合物的迁移和再富集9
2.3.1 生物富集9
2.3.2 在沉积物中的聚集10
2.3.3 生物放大作用11
2.3.4 降解11
2.4 金属离子的迁移和富集12
2.4.1 增溶效应12
2.4.2 在沉积物中的沉积12
2.4.3 生物体的吸收13
2.5 什么是安全水平？14
2.6 采样与样品的复杂性15
2.6.1 具有代表性的样品15
2.6.2 样品保存15
2.6.3 关键路线和关键组15
2.7 分析的一般方法16
2.8 实验室或现场分析的选择17
2.9 质量保证18
2.9.1 寻找合适的方法19
2.9.2 实验室标准19
总结20

第3章水质主成分分析21
3.1 简介21
3.2 采样24
3.3 水质的测定27
3.3.1 固体悬浮物（SS）27
3.3.2 溶解氧（DO）和需氧量(OD)27
3.3.3 总有机碳（TOC）31
3.3.4 pH值、酸度、碱度31
3.3.5 水的硬度33
3.3.6 电导率34
3.4 普通离子的分析方法35
3.4.1 紫外可见光谱法35
3.4.2 发射光谱(火焰光度计)38
3.4.3 离子色谱39
3.4.4 其他技术的应用举例41
总结42

第4章水分析－痕量污染物43
4.1 简介43
4.2 有机痕量污染物43
4.2.1 样品保存的基本原则及其后续分析44
4.2.2 用于色谱分析的萃取技术45
4.2.3 气相色谱49
4.2.4 液相色谱57
4.2.5 免疫测定58
4.2.6 光谱分析61
4.3 金属离子62
4.3.1 用于分析金属离子的样品存储62
4.3.2 预处理63
4.3.3 原子光谱63
4.3.4 可见光谱69
4.3.5 阳极溶出伏安法69
4.3.6 液相色谱71
4.3.7 金属的形态：各种技术的比较72
总结74

第5章土壤、固体废弃物分析75
5.1 引言75
5.1.1 动物和植物样本75
5.1.2 土壤和受污染的土地75
5.1.3 垃圾和垃圾填埋场76
5.1.4 沉积物和污泥76
5.1.5 大气颗粒物76
5.2 固体分析领域的一些共性问题76
5.2.1 采样77
5.2.2 预处理77
5.2.3 分析物的萃取77
5.2.4 样品的净化78
5.2.5 分析测定78
5.2.6 质量保证和质量控制78
5.3 生物样品分析时的特殊考虑79
5.3.1 植物样品的采集和保存79
5.3.2 预处理79
5.3.3 有机污染物的萃取技术80
5.3.4 痕量金属的灰化和溶解技术80
5.3.5 动物组织的分析80
5.4 土壤分析应考虑的特殊问题81
5.4.1 采样和保存81
5.4.2 预处理81
5.4.3 有机污染物的萃取82
5.4.4 可利用离子的萃取82
5.4.5 土壤中总金属浓度测定时的消化技术83
5.4.6 pH的测定83
5.5 分析被污染土壤时的特殊考虑83
5.5.1 污染土壤的调查步骤84
5.5.2 采样、样品保存和预处理85
5.6 垃圾和填埋处理分析时需考虑的特殊问题86
5.6.1 垃圾的种类和处理86
5.6.2 采样和样品保存86
5.6.3 固体及高固体含量的液体的前处理88
5.6.4 渗沥液的分析88
5.6.5 释放气体的分析90
5.7 分析沉积物和污泥时需考虑的特殊问题90
5.7.1 样品采集与保存90
5.7.2 预处理91
5.7.3 有机污染物的萃取技术91
5.7.4 痕量金属的溶解技术91
5.7.5 下水道污泥分析92
5.8 新的萃取和溶解技术92
5.8.1 自动索氏萃取92
5.8.2 加速溶剂萃取92
5.8.3 微波消解和微波辅助萃取93
5.8.4 超声93
5.8.5 超临界流体萃取93
5.8.6 技术比较94
总结94

第6章大气分析——气相分析95
6.1 简介95
6.1.1 注意所使用的单位98
6.2 时间加权平均浓度的测定99
6.2.1 吸收序列99
6.2.2 固体吸附100
6.2.3 扩散（或掌上）管102
6.3 瞬时浓度的测定103
6.3.1 直读仪器103
6.3.2 气体检测管107
6.3.3 气相色谱和质谱108
6.3.4 监测网和实时监测110
6.3.5 远程遥感和其他的先进技术111
总结114

第7章大气分析——颗粒物115
7.1 前言115
7.2 采样方法116
7.2.1 大体积采样器117
7.2.2 个人采样器117
7.2.3 阶式撞击采样器117
7.2.4 针对有机化合物所需的进一步考虑117
7.2.5 从流动相气流中采集颗粒物118
7.2.6 PM10采样119
7.2.7 酸性沉降物采样120
7.3 涉及样品分解的分析方法121
7.3.1 金属121
7.3.2 有机化合物121
7.4 固体的直接分析122
7.4.1 X射线荧光法122
7.4.2 X射线发射123
7.4.3 中子活化分析123
7.4.4 红外光谱法124
7.4.5 用于石棉分析的方法124
总结124

第8章超痕量分析125
8.1 介绍125
8.1.1 所关注的化合物125
8.2 分析方法127
8.2.1 一般步骤127
8.2.2 影响检测灵敏度的因素127
8.2.3 质谱检测128
8.2.4 定量分析133
8.2.5 质量控制133
8.3 典型的分析过程133
8.3.1 预处理134
8.3.2 气相色谱135
总结135
自测题参考答案136
参考文献148
专业词汇152
测量单位和物理常数155

Book Abstract

第1章简介
1.3 污染
我们对污染都有一定的概念，但你知道如何定义它吗？
DQ 1.1 如何理解污染的定义？
回答：下面的定义来自经济合作与发展组织，污染就是由人类直接或间接排放到环境中对环境造成不利影响的物质或能量，这些不利影响包括对人类健康的威胁、对生物资源的破坏、干扰环境的舒适性和对环境的不合理利用。
当将注意力集中于污染的化学特征之前，记住这并不是污染的唯一形式。噪声是物理污染的一种。把和周围环境温度不同的水排入河流中将影响河流中的生物，这是热全球变暖。硝酸盐的生成是环境中氮自然循环的一部分（见图1.1），然而，化肥的过污染的一种形式。然而污染常和排入环境中的化学物质联系在一起。通常的观点认为这些是非天然的（因而也是有害的）物质。近来最著名的一个例子就是氯氟烃（CFCs）的排放问题。氯氟烃被用于喷雾剂及其他用途。氯氟烃的排放和平流层臭氧的消耗有关，从而导致了由太阳辐射到地球表面的有害紫外辐射强度增加，进而使皮肤癌发病率增加。尽管在发达国家氯氟烃的生产已停止，但从大气中消除现有的氯氟烃还需要很长时间，同时和臭氧消耗有关的化合物例如含氢氯氟烃（HCFCs）还在生产，因此对臭氧层的影响还将持续许多年。
更为常见的问题是人们往环境中排放环境中已有的物质，而引起环境中此种物质的浓度高于天然本底值。二氧化碳是大气的组成部分，由生物体的呼吸产生。由于化石燃料的燃烧引起大气中二氧化碳浓度增加，而可循环利用二氧化碳的森林数量减少，从而导致全球变暖问题。其他大量的天然气体（例如甲烷和氮氧化物）的增加加剧了量使用会使水体中富集大量的硝酸盐，首先这会引起水生植物的过度生长，最终导致水体中所有物种的死亡。这个过程就是人们所熟知的富营养化。除了氮本身，如果氮循环中的其他形态在水体或大气中的浓度大大超过它的天然本底值，都将引起环境问题。表1.1总结了这一点。

Introduction

目前，国内环境科学与环境工程本、硕课程体系建设亟待加强。环境监测技术、管理体系涉及全球、国家、区域等不同的时空尺度。发达国家与发展中国家在相关资源、技术方法的掌握上不对称。因此，通过引进国际上优秀教材，对于了解并解决国内上述问题，特别是在环境监测标准方法的建立与推广使用如何与国际接轨上有积极的作用。
本书自2002年开始作为厦门大学环境科学与工程专业大三双语课程《环境监测》的教材。因其叙述采用对话方式进行，使读者仿佛置身其中，任课教师和使用过该教材的本科生均感其效果颇佳。因此，其编译尽可能保持原著风格，以使本专业的本科生、研究生及相关从业人员尽快熟悉、掌握新知识及专业英语，并为国际上有关新知识、新方法的学习、融会贯通搭起一座桥梁。
该原版教材于2002年出版，体现了当今环境分析与环境监测的新技术、新方法及相关的管理理念。作为专业课教材，其突出的特点是强调理论与实践的结合、管理与技术结合。同时，其内容的安排、进程、对一些问题的思考均具有不同于国内教材的鲜明特色。
该教材整理出版过程中得到了厦门大学有关部门、院、系相关领导的大力支持。慕俊泽、任锋、陈佳宁、肖翔、彭景吓、王萍、罗剑梁参与了部分章节的翻译整理工作。在此，一并致以真诚的感谢。
因译者水平所限，其中难免有不尽之处，敬请指正。

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