英语学习型词典典型词例的选取

《英语学习型词典典型词例的选取》主要探讨以下问题：①哪些因素影响英语学习型词典词例的选取？②这些因素如何影响典型词例的选取和呈现？③词典编纂者应当采取哪些策略确保选例的典型性？
在词例作为语篇的研究框架中，可确定至少有五个因素影响选例，即用例的意图、词例的语言信息量、词例的源语篇、词例所适配的词典语篇以及特定词典用户对词例的需求。因此，典型词例的选取须满足意图性、信息性、衔接性和可接受性等要求。
典型词例总是蕴含编纂意图。选例能否传达明确的意图，很大程度上取决于词典编纂者是否正确预测用户在何种情况下可能查询目标词，是否意识到解码意图的词例与编码目的的词例起着不同的作用。
就词例的信息性而言，词典编纂者须考虑语料库检索工具在词例选取中的运用以及相关的语言学理论对词例选取的启示。一些实用的检索工具，如WordSmith，World Sketch Engine和FrameNet等，可直接用于提取信息量大的词例。而信息丰富的词例通常显示目标词的语义、搭配和（或）句法信息。框架语义学阐明了词汇单位的典型框架以及框架成分，对于如何选取语义信息凸现的典型词例起着指导作用。相关的短语搭配研究则有助于选取搭配信息充分的词例。配价理论和句法转换理论中的一些规则对于词例的选择起着句法制约作用。
词例与源语篇之间的衔接问题主要是指示语的处理问题。据调查，人称指示语通常在词例中保留。具有口语语篇标记的方位指示语here和there很少出现在词例中。词例的时态（即时间指示语）通常限于一般现在时和一般过去时；其他类型的时态除非受动词语义的影响很少出现在词例中。
有关词例与词典语篇的衔接，编纂者须考虑词典语篇中的其他因素，包括词频、词性、词义以及词的标记性，对词例选取的影响。英语学习型词典一般例释无标记的高频词的用法。但为了满足一些用户的特殊查询需求，具有语体或感情色彩标记的词有时也配例。一个无标记的词通常每一义项配有两个以上的例子，而一个有标记的词通常每两个义项配有_例。至于词性的配例，动词、介词和形容词应首先考虑。
词例的接受性问题可用关联理论解释。一个最佳的例子是特定词典用户花最小的努力获得最大的语言信息。这就要求词典编纂者利用问卷调查的方法以及基于学习者语料库和平行语料库检索，考查特定用户的显性和隐性的词例查询需求。同时，词典编纂者应适当采用一些方式，如短语例与句例相结合、黑体、括注、警示例以及对词例中的不常用词、复杂结构、文化信息的控制等，有效呈现词例。
《英语学习型词典典型词例的选取》最后提出了一个英语学习型词典典型词例的选取与呈现的模式。

序
Acknowledgements
Abstract
摘要
Abbreviations
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Rationale for the Present Research
1.2 Overview of Exemplification Research
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Methodology
1.5 Research Framework
1.6 Outline of the Book

Chapter Two Intentionality of Illustrative Examples
2.1 Evidence for the Functions of Illustrative Examples
2.1.1 Psycholmguistic Evidence
2.1.2 Empirical Evidence
2.2 Nature of Illustrative Examples
2.2.1 Infinite Utterances vs. Prototypical Examples
2.2.2 Syntagmatic Relationship vs. Paradigmatic Relationship
2.3 Classification of Examples Functions
2.3.1 Descriptive Approach
2.3.2 User-oriented Approach
2.3.3 A Refined Classification of Examples Functions
2.3.4 A Case Study of the Exemplification of the Word monopoly
2.3.5 Discussion
2.4 Evincing lexicographic Intentions in Illustrative Examples
2.5 Summary

Chapter Three Informativity of Illustrative Examples
3.1 Impacts of Technological Innovations on the Choice of Dictionary Examples
3.1.1 Manual Collection of Data
3.1.2 Computer Corpus and KWIC Concordancing
3.1.3 Word Sketch Engine
3.1.4 FrameNet Concordancing
3.1.5 Summary of the Technological Advances
3.2 Semantic Information in Illustrative Examples
3.2.1 Overview of Frame Semantics
3.2.2 Implications of Frame Semantics for Lexicography
3.2.3 Application of Frame Semantics to Exemplification： A Case Study of the Lemma conclude
3.2.4 Procedures for Selecting Informative Examples from Corpus
3.3 Combinatory Information in Illustrative Examples
3.3.1 Significance of Word Combinatory Information in Linguistics and in Lexicography
3.3.2 Classification of Word Combinations： An Overview
3.3.3 Approaches to Phraseological Study
3.3.4 Method
3.3.5 Results
3.3.6 Discussion
3.3.7 Principles of Exemplifying Collocations
3.4 Syntactic Information in Illustrative Examples
3.4.1 Overview of Lexicogrammars
3.4.2 Treatment of Syntactic Information in Illustrative Examples in the "Big Five
3.5 Summary

Chapter Four Cohesion Between the Illustrative Example and the Source Text
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Relevant Studies
4：2.1 Theoretical Underpinnings
4.2.2 Critique of Relevant Research
4.3 Method
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Number of Example Sentences in the Sample Data
4.4.2 Person Deictic Expressions in Example Sentences
4.4.3 Place Deictic Expressions in Example Sentences
4.4.4 Time Deictic Expressions in Example Sentences 2
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 Person Deictics from a Perspective of Information Structure Theory
4.5.2 here and there： Markers of Simultaneous Spoken Discourse
4.5.3 Conditions for Using Minor Types of Verb Tenses
4.6 Summary

Chapter Five Cohesion Between the Illustrative Example and the Dictionary Text
5.1 Relevant Studies
5.2 Method
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Effects of Word Frequency， Part-of-Speech and Lexical Meaning on Exemplification
5.3.2 Factors Affecting Exemplification of Regionalisms
5.3.3 Effects of a Words Subject Field on Exemplification
5.3.4 Effects of a Words Currency on Exemplification
5.3.5 Effects of a Words Style on Exemplification
5.3.6 Effects of a Words Attitude on Exemplification
5.3.7 Summary of the Results
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Summary

Chapter Six Acceptability of Illustrative Examples to EFL Learners
6.1 Relevant Studies
6.1.1 Users Needs for Examples
6.1.2 Effectiveness of Different Types of Examples in Language Learning Tasks
6.1.3 Effects of the Users Proficiency Level and the Background Knowledge on the Selection of Examples
6.1.4 Summary of Previous Studies
6.2 Method
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Results of the Questionnaire Survey
6.3.2 Results of the CLEC Concordances of the Erroneous Structure although...but..
6.4 Discussion： Theorizing the Findings with Relevance Theory
6.4.1 Overview of Relevance Theory
6.4.2 Interpreting with Relevance Theory the Criterion of Acceptability for Illustrative Examples
6.5 Summary

Chapter Seven Conclusions
7.1 Main Findings
7.2 Implications
7.2.1 Implications for the Practice of Dictionary Exemplification
7.2.2 Implications for the Development of Metalexicographical Theory
7.3 Limitations of the
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5

2.2 Nature of Illustrative Examples
With the conviction that exemplification is an effective device， lexicographers have to consider another important issue： what is the nature of an illustrative example？ The issue will be approached from modem linguistics perspective.
2.2.1 Infinite Utterances vs. Prototypical Examples
Infinite utterances are possibly produced with a small number of linguistic rules. Hence， a word in question is likely to occur in an unlimited number of utterances. Even in a medium-sized computer corpus， a target word is often shown in many instances of usage. Yet， not every instance of word usage in a corpus is suitable for a diction- ary example. Of the numerous examples of usage， some illustrate the typical usage of a target word， and some are just untypical instances of usage.
Consider the following sentences：
（1） The dog is in the yard.
（2） The dog is barking in the yard.
Both sentences are appropriate in some situations， but in exemplifying the entry word dog in a dictionary intended for elementary learners， we may choose the second sentence as an example and drop the first one.

徐海博士带来书稿的清样索序，让我分享他的一份喜悦。随同书稿，他还给我捎来一篇文章。起初我没看清楚是什么内容。他走后，我瞅了一眼：原来是一篇将书稿部分内容加以拓展和深化而形成的论文，已为《国际词典学杂志》（International Journal of Lxicography）所采用。在此之前，徐海博士已经在《国际词典学杂志》上发表过论文，也是从本书稿中抽出的其中一些精华的章节。换言之，徐博士在本书中所体现的研究成果是为国际词典学界的同行所认可的。现在他在国内推出了全书，是件可喜可贺的事，我想读者乃至词典学界的人士都会从中受益的。
近20年来，词典学的专著，一部接一部出版，从通论到专论，从宏观研究至微观研究，功夫愈做愈细，问题的探讨也越来越深入，而视野则越来越开阔。徐博士这本《英语学习型词典典型词例的选取》就是个好例子。他探索的是一个范围有限的问题，但却综合了现代词典学、语言学、语料库语言学等成果，进行了多角度、全方位的研究。在这个问题上，采取较全面、较大规模的定量分析的，他是第一人，一反过去某些人只满足于主观推论或经验铺陈的做法。他的研究结论牢牢地建立在他所获得的数据的基础之上。因此，本书在提高英语学习型词典词例选取的质量方面、具有理论上的启发意义和实践上的指导意义，应该是无可置疑的。
我国词典学的发展出现了一个可喜的现象，开始和世界的同行接轨：在国际学术团体任职者有之，在国际会议上作主题发言人的有之，在国外的著名出版社或权威刊物出书、发文者有之。也就是说，我国的学者已经能够和世界的词典学家站在一个平台上说话。徐海博士就是这样一名能与国际学界对话的年轻学者。他这本著作用英文出版，不消说，将获得交流之便。但有点可惜的是，本书主要在国内发行，不谙英文的读者，也就无缘了解本书的内容以及其中所应用的理论和方法。但愿徐博士不久将来还有机会推出同类的中文著作，惠及我国广大读者和辞书工作者。