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Jingdong book

痛与痒

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Jingdong book

痛与痒

Name: 痛与痒
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3105036891
Price: 25.35 USD
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此书所收篇章，多为作者对于以往人和事的回忆，具有鲜明的时代气息和珍贵的史料价值，然而文字的价值远不止于此，其价值的核心是对历史的反省，对历史的批判。
这本书稿，上接2009年春至2011年6月大抵两年间所作长短文章的结集《蔷薇叶子》（青岛出版社，2014），收入了2011下半年至2014年末的大部分文章。所以叫近作。
为什么标作“文章”？我不是文体学者，过去不甚注意散文、随笔、杂文以至小品的界限（当然知道太长的不能叫小品），笼统的说自己写的是杂文吧，一来如同说“杂著”，或如俞平伯年轻时的书名之为《杂拌儿》，二来追慕鲁迅先生从初题“杂感”或“杂感文”，后遂直截了当命名“杂文”。当然，从“鲁迅风”的高度来考量，我是有很大差距的。
后来有了问题：文学理论批评家们，在对文学现象和文学成绩进行总结和评骘的时候，常对这些往往针对社会文化有所议论，却又带有一些文学色彩的边缘文体感到犹疑，特别是其中部分被称为“时评”的速朽文字，左右为难，归入文学好像差点成色，完全弃置不顾又不大说得过去。——为了帮助这些专家学者摆脱两难，我想，索性把这些介于文学与新闻之间边缘文体，可能或有的认识意义大于应有的审美意义的社会批评和文化批评，索性还它一个古旧的范畴，叫作“文章”，让这些跟从古以来由“文章学”规范的文章多少又有所不同的另类“时文”，找个不受争议的，也不受歧视的位置安顿下来吧。
只是不知有关各方高见如何？
至于以《痛与痒》为书名，卷首引的无名烈士诗中有此二字，可以点睛，三十年前我写过一篇《话痛痒》，就是从这首诗引伸说开的。原想把旧文放在这里代序，再一想，不可低估可敬爱的读者们的智商了，大家意会的事，何必费词赘述？诗评家曾指出我写诗过于直露，后来我转写杂文，以为既是所谓“议论文”，总该把想说的说透吧，因此少用曲笔，不懂含蓄，也还是没有参悟文章之道。今后如有条件继续为文，还是要加以注意。
因此，卷首引的辛稼轩词，我也就不强作解说了。好在这首词流传千古，解说者何止百千？当代杰出词人徐晋如（胡马）有一则词话，更极力推崇这阕词的下片。在这里，我也转请可敬爱的读者朋友们讽咏几遍，当可得之。
题为“小引”，又嫌罗嗦，不多说了。谢谢！

Introduction

小姐，老师和同志

——小议词语的变迁

我从一篇网文上看到一条让我惊诧的信息：妓女称嫖客为“老师”。看来不是偶然一叫，而是蔚然成风了。

让我立刻想到“小姐”的遭遇。在1949年前“万恶的旧社会”，小姐最早是对官绅人家未出阁女儿的尊称，后来也包括其他有产者的闺中女子。如果称平民小户的姑娘为小姐，分明是高抬了。到了“新中国”，则至少有30年讳言小姐，以前的小姐都成了改造的对象，检查交代的主体，谁还稀罕？管谁叫小姐，无异于骂她是“剥削者”的后代，犹如文革中直呼的“狗崽子”。大概是进入80年代以后，我们互相泛称的“同志”，复归为政治场合或共产党内的“官称”即正式称谓，而在民间日常生活包括社会经济文化活动中，“先生”和“女士”这一对中性的尊称大行其道，包括称年轻的女士为“小姐”在内，有些中年女子也愿意人们称她们为小姐。那时候你叫“售货员同志”她可能装听不见，但一声小姐就能叫正在扎堆聊天的转过脸来。但事情不断起变化，你若不能与时俱进，结果有一天，连叫了三声小姐没理你，叫第四声时，没有好脸给你看：“谁是小姐！？”因为小姐一词已经沦为“三陪小姐”以至直截了当叫作性工作者通用的代称或敬称了。

文革时期，“敌我分明”（实际上界限又很模糊），不是什么人都属同志。于是一度流行互以“师傅”相称，既带着厂矿工人阶级特色，又透出传统的师弟之谊，真是天才的创意。文革后，有些老同志反感以“师傅”代替“同志”，经过博弈，一部分人回到“同志”圈，一部分人突破为“先生、女士”派，其后又有一部分，从“先生、女士”和“师傅”分流为以“老师”相称。后来异议之声又起，好像是说对谁都称老师，让可敬的老师们贬值了。维护师道尊严之心亦良苦矣，只是这位老师万万没想到，妓女正对嫖客称呼老师，嫖客想来也当仁不让地应声答对！

小姐也罢，老师也好，词语都还照旧，只是所指转移，看来应该说，是词义的变异，形成了词语的变迁。

从初版面世至今58年的《新华字典》，是一本功不可没的普及性语文工具书，而且贵在袖珍，物美价廉。据说新出的第11版，如同过去各次带有历史烙印的修订版一样，既记下了一个时期词语、字义、字音等的新发展，也对语文的规范化负有一定的导向作用，这种导向应该不是食古不化的，同时应该也不是随波逐流、追风媚时的。这里的分寸怎样拿捏，的确是很费斟酌的吧。

我没看到新的版本，我估计对于“小姐”这个已经行之有年的词义变异，还没有急于定格。“老师”，更不会急于注释为“也渐成为妓女对嫖客的称呼”——因为，据说中国社会中我们习称为“妓女”的存在，以及相应的“嫖客”和“嫖娼”现象，尚未取得正式的承认。在官方词汇中，这些是以“黄（色）”为代称一笔带过的，当然入不得字典了。至于“小姐”能不能回归“一般对未婚女子的尊称”，“老师”能否不变异为“嫖客”的代称，而保持其两千五百年来从至圣先师孔夫子起始的崇高地位，这个谁也说不准，一切将取决于汉语言主体的全国成年人的口德，特别是有话语权的媒体人和其他使用文字、语言为主要工具的各专业工作者吧。

而“同志”这个从“同门曰朋，同志曰友”起自古已然，到“红色年代”因富于意识形态色彩而呼遍遐迩的词语，其实也面临着时代风云的挑战。挑战者不是思想政治方面的敌手，而是长期受到社会歧视现在尚处于舆论争议中的同性恋者群体。因为几十年前，操华语的香港等地，“同志”已经成为同性恋者彼此之间的互称了。最近因吕丽萍女士转贴有关网文引起的轩然大波中，纸面媒体也已经使用“老同”这样的字眼（老同之同，作为简称，在这里应是既指“同性恋者”，又指“同性恋者同志”或同性恋者彼此间互称的“同志”吧）。如果对这样影响广泛的语言现象视若无睹，恐怕就落在不断发展变化（不管这种发展和变化是否符合我们的意愿）的形势后面了。

2011年7月6日

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