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Jingdong book

中国流通改革:批发业衰落与崛起

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中国流通改革:批发业衰落与崛起

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市场经济是社会经济运转的一种体制形式,它把社会的生产、分配、消费各个方面商品化了,在这样的体制框架下,一切经济活动都要经过市场、通过流通来实现,这样的商品经济高度发达的阶段就是我们所期盼的市场经济。当然,我们所追求的是建立在公有制基础上的社会主义性质的市场经济。
在市场与商品流通中,批发商品流通处于核心地位。在开放的市场经济宏观系统中,批发连接着生产、零售和消费,批发商品流通的构造与机能对整个宏观经济的运行起着一种特殊的联动作用,市场经济的正常运行需要有发达的批发商品流通体系来支持。批发商品流通这种特殊的地位和作用决定了我们进行批发问题研究的复杂性和重要性。
回顾改革开放30年来的历史,我国的批发商品流通体制改革经历了曲折的探索过程。其中既有成功的经验,也有失败的教训。总的来说,人们对应该如何重新构造与我国社会主义市场经济体制相适应的批发商品流通体制的目标和方法尚不明确,已采取的改革措施带有一定的过渡性和应急性,对塑造我国现阶段市场经济条件下的全新的批发商品流通体系问题缺乏系统的研究。过去十年,理论界关于批发问题的著述不少,许多人提出了有益的、有远见的观点,但多数著述只是限于如何使国有批发贸易组织摆脱困境的圈子,很少有人从宏观的角度、从整体经济发展和经济体制改革的角度来论述批发商品流通问题。本书就是汲取前人的研究成果,以一定的理论高度,从历史、现状与未来发展的多种角度,全方位地对我国30年来的批发商品流通问题进行了概括性的探讨。本书的特点就是对改革30年来批发商品流通的初创、发展过程以及批发贸易组织和运行都进行了论述,尽管有些部分由于时间、篇幅和资料收集等方面的限制还不够深入,但是,将批发商品流通的各种问题进行如此大量的综合分析,毕竟是前人没有做过的工作,是一项开拓性的成果,为今后的深入研究提供了可供参考的理论与实证框架。
Catalogue

第一章 改革30年批发业总体回顾
第一节 批发业30年改革历程
一、第一阶段:批发格局调整(1978-1991年)
二、第二阶段:现代批发企业制度建立(1992-1998年)
三、第三阶段:批发业整顿重组(1999年至今)
第二节 批发业改革成就与不足
一、批发业改革成就
二、批发业改革不足
第三节 批发业命运
一、我国基本国情决定批发业必然存在
二、国际经验证明批发业有存在空间
三、批发自身职能决定批发业不可或缺
四、批发业面对的挑战同时也是机遇

第二章 改革30年批发业成长与贡献
第一节 改革30年批发业成长
一、改革起步较快发展(1978-1984年)
二、波折中起伏前进(1985-1992年)
三、艰难中较快发展(1993-1997年)
四、剧烈变革中快速发展(1998-2007年)
第二节 改革30年批发业对国民经济的贡献
一、中国经济30年来巨大发展与变迁
二、批发业在国民经济中的地位与贡献
第三节 改革30年批发业对商业的贡献
一、改革开放30年中国商业的发展
二、批发业在商业中的地位与贡献

第三章 改革30年批发业产业组织演化
第一节 批发业市场集中度
一、批发业市场集中度测算
二、批发业和其他产业集中度对比
第二节 批发业产业组织规模
一、批发业产业组织规模水平
二、大型批发企业组织规模水平
第三节 批发业进入与退出
一、批发业机构进入与退出
二、批发业从业人员进入与退出
三、批发业资产进入与退出
第四节 批发业绩效水平
一、批发业总体绩效水平
二、不同所有制批发业绩效水平
三、不同地区批发业绩效水平
四、大型批发企业绩效水平

第四章 改革30年批发业结构变迁
第一节 不同所有制批发业的发展变迁
一、不同所有制批发业的注册基本情况
二、不同所有制批发业销售额情况
三、不同所有制批发业财务状况
第二节 不同地区批发业的发展变迁
一、批发业东中西部地区结构
二、批发业六地区结构
第三节 不同行业批发业发展变迁
一、不同行业批发业注册基本情况
二、不同行业批发业销售额情况
三、不同行业批发业财务状况

第五章 改革30年批发市场产生与发展
第一节 批发市场改革发展历程
一、起步阶段(1978-1984年)
二、全面建设阶段(1986-1991年)
三、快速过热发展阶段(1992-1995年)
四、规范化发展阶段(1995-2001年)
五、两极分化发展阶段(2002年至今)
第二节 批发市场组织演化
一、批发市场集中度
二、批发市场绩效
第三节 批发市场结构变迁
一、批发市场城乡结构
二、批发市场地区结构
三、各类市场结构

第六章 改革30年批发物流产生与发展
第一节 批发物流30年改革
一、批发物流改革历程
二、批发物流改革成就
三、批发物流改革不足
第二节 批发物流组织演化
一、批发物流组织规模
二、批发物流组织绩效
第三节 批发物流结构变迁
一、批发物流所有制结构
二、批发物流行业结构
三、批发物流地区结构

第七章 批发业未来发展展望
第一节 批发业组织优化
一、批发业组织现状
二、批发业组织优化的总体目标
三、批发业组织优化的主要内容
四、批发业组织优化的具体举措
第二节 批发业结构调整
一、批发业结构现状
二、批发业结构调整总体目标
三、批发业结构调整主要内容
四、批发业结构调整具体举措
第三节 批发市场建设
一、批发市场现状
二、批发市场建设总体目标
三、批发市场建设主要内容
四、批发市场建设具体措施
第四节 批发物流现代化
一、批发物流现状
二、批发物流现代化总体目标
三、批发物流现代化主要内容
四、批发物流现代化具体举措
附表
参考文献
后记
Book Abstract

(一)改革背景
过去十余年的以“三多一少”为主要内容的批发格局调整,使批发领域出现了勃勃生机,但由于过多注重了多渠道的形式,而没有确定一个合适的度,结果导致批发秩序混乱。改革后期尽管对批发秩序进行了整顿,市场秩序有所好转,但还不能说走上了有序竞争的轨道,尤其是,不适当发展集体、个体批发商业导致的无序竞争缩减了国营批发企业经营规模,批发商业经济效益严重滑坡,一些一向盈利的大中型批发企业也相继出现亏损。批发业发展面临严峻的形势:一是批发行业费用水平上升。二是“三角债”前清后欠,企业利润得不到真正实现。虽然国家采取增加大中型企业贷款、恢复托收承付结算办法来清理“三角债”,但效果不甚明显。再加上市场疲软,批发企业为减少积压损失,普遍采取延期或售后付款的销售结算方式,大量资金占压在结算环节。货款的拖欠使批发企业相当一部分销售收人只是账面上的虚收,并且还要为拖欠的贷款付息。三是受多渠道竞销的压力,批发毛利率下降。由于工业自销产品不分环节或不坚持工商同价,甚至以低于商业的出厂价格倾销,批发商业为保持经营规模,不得不普遍采取扩大回扣、让利、削价等方式促销,导致了盈利水平的降低。一句话,过去批发行业的改革只是针对旧体制的弊端,侧重于调整批发业所有制结构、改变批发业的组织形式和经营方式等自身体系方面,不能彻底解决整个社会批发商业运转的动力、决策、调节和约束问题,我国整个批发行业在机构设置、组织规模、经营方式和经营手段等方面,并未从根本上得到改变,批发企业的转轨变型严重滞后于外部经济环境的巨大变化。
(二)改革内容
1992年党的十四大的召开明确了经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制。同年7月23日,国务院颁发《全民所有制工业企业转换经营机制条例》,明确规定了企业转换经营机制的目标,指出企业应当适应市场经济的要求,成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的商品生产和经营单位。该条例的颁布标志着批发业改革进入按照市场经济要求建立现代批发企业制度的阶段。在1992年的200多家以国有企业为基础组建的股份制企业试点中便涉及批发企业。而现代批发企业建立的真正提出是在1993年,十四届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》明确提出:“建立现代企业制度,是发展社会化大生产和市场经济的必然要求,是我国国有企业改革的方向。”
Introduction

伴随中国经济体制改革的整体步伐,中国流通体制的改革与发展也艰辛地走过了30年的历程,回顾这一历程,我们发现,改革、开放与发展是紧密联系在一起的,开放是前提,改革是保障,发展是目标。30年来我们在开放和国际化方面迈出了一大步。
自1492年哥伦布远航美洲,全球化历程即告开始。5个世纪以来,西方向世界全面扩张,世界市场的形成,民族国家的崛起,殖民统治的蔓延,普世宗教的传播,强势文化的渗透……西方启动的全球化令地球上任何一个地区、任何一个民族都无法自外于世界历史进程。超国界的、全球性的力量在行动,后发国家不得不融人“国际社会”。
中国传统理想本来就富于浓厚的“天下主义”情结,先秦如孔子所说“大道之行也,天下为公”,子夏所说“四海之内皆兄弟也”,近世如顾炎武、王夫之特意区分“国”与“天下”的差别,置“天下”于“国”之上,皆体现了中国“以天下为己任”的自信。中国的“天下主义”其实是一种根深蒂固的民族意识,如《大学》所说“古之欲明德于天下者,先治其国;欲治其国者,先齐其家;欲齐其家者,先修其身;欲修其身者,先正其心;欲正其心者,先诚其意;欲诚其意者,先致其知。致知在格物。物格而后知至,知至而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后国治,国治而后天下平”,表明中国所谓“平天下”主要指奠定以华夏文明为中心的世界秩序,与西方侧重政治经济利益的侵略扩张取向迥然不同。

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