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亚当·斯密与严复

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亚当·斯密与严复

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《亚当·斯密与严复》的中心命题,是通过严复译案亚当 斯密的《国富论》来了解西洋经济学说在晚清中文概念与词汇尚不足的情况下,是以怎样的思想方式和具体的言辞引入中国。从追求富强的角度来看,这本以提倡“自由放任”、“反重商主义”和“最小政府”为主旨的《国富论》,对清末的知识界以及积弱的经济产生的影响和作用又是如何。
Author Description

赖建诚,1952年生,巴黎高等社会科学研究院博士(1982),哈佛大学燕京学社访问学者(1992-1993)。台湾清华大学经济系教授,专攻经济史、经济思想史。
学术著作:《近代中国的合作经济运动:1912-1949》(1990)、Adam Smith aCFOSS Naaons.Translanons and Receptions of TheWealthofNations(2000,OxfordUP,主编)、《亚当·斯密与严复:(国富论>与中国》(2002)、Braudels Historiography Reconsidered(2004)、《梁启超的经济面向》(2006),《边镇粮饷:明代中后期的边防经费与国家财政危机,1531-1602》(2008)。半学术性的文集:《重商主义的窘境》(1992)、《年鉴学派管窥》(译著,1996,2003)、《绿野仙踪与中国》(1998),《西洋经济史的趣味》(2008)。译有雷蒙·阿隆《入戏的观众》(1987,1992,2000,2006)、西蒙·波伏娃《波伏娃的告别:与萨特的对话》(2002,2006)、《波伏娃的告别:再见,萨特!》(2002,2006)。
Catalogue

1 综观概述
1.1 主题与架构
1.2 初期的介绍
1.3 《原富》的诞生与修订
1.4 严复研究

2 《国富论》的传播
2.1 斯密的经济思想
2.2 《国富论》的内容
2.3 各国的翻译
2.4 各国的回应

3 《原富》的翻译和案语
3.1 翻译的动机
3.2 误译与扭曲
3.3 案语解析

4 严复对《国富论》的理解
4.1 对一般论点的理解
4.2 对斯密的批评
4.3 对斯密的赞许
4.4 余论

5 严复的经济见解
5.1 中国经济的弊端
5.2 经济自由主义
5.3 其他经济见解

6 结论
6.1 回应
6.2 评估
6.3 省思
6.4 后续研究

附录 西洋经济思想对晚清经济思潮的影响
1 绪论
2 晚清经济症候的历史根源
3 经济思潮的类型
4 西洋经济思想的影响
5 结论与余论
参考书目
Book Abstract

1 综观概述
本书的中心命题,是通过严复(1854-1921)译案亚当·斯密(Adam Smith,1729-1790)的《国富论》(或译为《原富》,1776年初版),(1)来了解西洋经济学说在中文词汇与概念尚不足的情况下,是用哪种词语和“思想方式”传人的?(2)从追求富强的角度来看,这本以提倡“自由放任”、“反重商主义”、“最小政府”为主旨的《国富论》,对清末的知识界和积弱的经济,产生了哪些影响与作用?
1.1 主题与架构
第1章在说明本书的命题与架构之后,综述19世纪末中国对斯密和《国富论》的介绍,以及严复在1896-1901年间译案此书的经过与感受,然后分析论述学界对严复研究的成果。
第2章先介绍斯密的经济思想,以及《国富论》的主要内容,之后解说此书在其他非英语国家有过哪些不同的译本,这些文化背景和经济条件各异的国家,对《国富论》所传达的经济思想,产生过哪些不同的反应。有了这项国际性的比较之后,才更能理解:此书在中国只有过4种译本,比起日本的14种和德国的10种,热烈度并不高。中国各界对此书的反应,相对于其他国家而言,也只能说是平淡无奇。
第3章分析为什么严复要译这本书,以及《原富》是怎么翻译的。政治经济学并非严复的专业,他如何把这本开创古典经济学说体系的《国富论》,在文字上浓缩译成“骎骎与晚周诸子相上下”的《原富》?从严复310条6万余字的案语中,可以看出他有“托译言志”的倾向,也可以看出他对经济事务的见解,有不少是“即兴式”的,是“语意膨胀式”的,而非有系统、有组织、有理论基础的。
第4章根据这些案语,分析严复对《国富论》内容的理解。斯密除了论述国家经济富强的性质之外,从经济理论发展史的观点来看,他也提出了一些相当影响后世的经济理论(例如“看不见的手”)。严复是怎么译介这些概念的?他的理解可靠吗?严复对斯密的学说有过哪些批评与赞许?
第5章再度从严复的案语,来分析他自己的经济见解:(1)他认为中国的经济有哪些弊端?(2)他心目中的经济自由主义,具体而言有哪些内容与主张?(3)他对一般经济事务与政策有哪些意见?我认为这些内容展示出:严复对各种经济问题是有他的见解,但还谈不上经济“思想”。
第6章的主题是《原富》出版之后,中国知识界有哪些响应?第6.1节举例说明严复翻译西洋名著对中国知识界的影响,以及不同立场人士对严译的批评;之后以梁启超对《原富》的评介为例,说明此书在中国知识界被接受的程度。第6.2节分析论述《原富》对中国经济政策的影响,我的论点是:如果严复是以追求中国的富强为出发点,来向斯密这位医生求取药方的话,我认为《国富论》所倡导的经济自由主义,对中国的病情并不适用;适当的救亡图存药方,应该是向“德国历史学派”求取,先以关税保护新兴产业,采取这类逐步自保自强的政策。第6.3节是对全书的综合性简要省思,第6.4节解说一些日后可做的后续研究。
整体而言,本书是以现代经济学的眼光,来解析严复思想的经济面,这是个尚未深入探讨过的题材。“严复现象”是中国近代学术史上很值得重新出发再深入的题材,新的研究角度很需要引入各项专业领域的分析工具,如政治学、社会学、法学、哲学、生物学等。本书是从经济(思想史)学这个角度所做的尝试,以严复和《原富》为分析对象,一是因为严复所译介的西方学说,对清末知识界产生了广泛的影响;二是因为《国富论》在西洋经济思想史上有其绝对的开创性地位。这本名著在中国近代思想启蒙的阶段,通过“译文虽美,而义转歧”的节译和丰富的案语,不论是从中国经济学史还是思想史的角度来看,都有显著的意义。
在清朝最后的半个世纪期间,有不少西洋经济学说对中国产生过影响。从个别人物的角度来看,严复与《国富论》的例子只是其中的一环。从经济路线的角度来看,除了自由主义之外,在同一时期传入中国的还有社会主义、保护主义、重农主义、重商主义。也就是说,本书所处理的题材,在一个大变动的时代里,在一个百家争鸣的环境中,以现代较冷静的眼光来看,只不过是其中较亮丽的一朵而已,不必赋予过高或过广的评价。我在本书的附录里,向读者提供一个较全面的时代场景解说,简要地综述西洋经济思想对晚清经济思潮的影响。
1.2 初期的介绍
《国富论》在西洋经济思想史上有相当的理论分量,在实务性的经济政策方面,也有许多重要的分析论述,所以在晚清西学东渐的过程中,有不少人在著述内提及斯密和这本名著。单以《万国公报》为例,其中就有不少地方提到斯密,例如艾约瑟的《富国养民策》(分16章100节,第43-88册,1892年8月至1896年5月,页12992-16030)、卜舫济《税敛要例》(第67册,1894年8月,页14576-14581)、马林与李玉书的两篇文章《各家富国策辨》(第121—122册,1899年2—3月,页18268起)、《论地租归公之益》(第125册,1899年6月,页18550起)。在此我只选艾约瑟的例子,来看他如何介绍《国富论》,之后再看陈炽宣称重译此书的误解过程。
1.2.1 艾约瑟
英国教士艾约瑟(Dr,Joseph Edkins)写作《富国养民策》的基本用意,是要以启蒙书的形式,向读者介绍西洋的富国养民之道(以经济政策面为主):“富国养民书,即论辨财之一门学术。余将于辨学启蒙书,剖白其学术学业之义,是书无劳多赘,止论解夫何者为财足矣。”(页12997)。这种启蒙书的基调,在页13876论“设立行会之暖昧”时再度表白:“此启蒙书篇幅无多,不能将设行会无益之情形,详细论讲。”从此文在各册连载时所占的篇幅来看,长者达7页(如首篇的页12992-12998),短者不到1页(如页15774-15775“论国家承办之利益”和页15824-15825“论国家承办之各弊”)。下一个问题是:艾约瑟写这篇16章100节的长文,所依据的底本是哪一本或哪几本经济学著作?但他未明说,我想有可能是从几本相关著作综述出来的。我找到了三个地方直接引述斯密的学说,分述如下。
他最先评述斯密的地方,是在首篇导论(页12996):“英人亚当,斯密所著有《富国探原书》,英国斯时兴盛,多由于研求其生财之学术致之也。缘其书能使人洞晓贸易应无过禁,工作应无定限之一应利益。书出至今足载,独惜人之不钦佩其良法,违忤其智谋而行,若等差谬者何其多也。”虽然他对斯密如此赞许,但从全书16章的结构来看,又与《国富论》不一,例如“论分工”是斯密的首章,而在艾约瑟的文内却是第26节。现在来看他在此节内,如何引用斯密的观点的。
“斯密曾如是云:铁匠打造铁钉,夙昔未尝习其业者,一日成造二百枚,且不甚嘉。曾经习其业者,一日可成造八百枚、千枚不等,自幼习熟其手艺者,一日中成造至二千三百枚亦可。此等譬喻无庸多增,凡余等所见极精工雅致之器用什物,均为费若许时日习熟此业之人造成者也。”(页13409)艾约瑟所选的这段介绍,确是译自《国富论》首章首节内的一段(原文见Smith,1976:18),但并未抓到要点,没能展现出分工的特殊效果。我们只要对比严复的另一段译文,就可看出何以艾约瑟没选到论分工的要点:“不见夫业针者乎?使不习者一人而为之,穷日之力,幸成一针。欲为二十针焉,必不得也。今试分针之功,而使工各专其一事,……则一日之功,可得八万六千针,而或且过此数,此见实事者也。使以十八人为此,是人日四千八百针也。往者不分其功,则一人之力,虽至勤极敏,日不能二十针。今也分其功而为之,则四千针而裕如。然则以分功之故,而益人力二百倍有余也。治针如是,他制造可类推矣。吾故日益力之事,首在分功。”(页6,原文见Smith,1976:15)艾约瑟若选介此段,效果必然更明显。
第二个例子,是第45节“亚当?斯密论工价五则”(页13737-13740)。《国富论》首篇第八章论劳动工资,查其写法,并无如艾约瑟所列举的工价五则,但基本的意思则类通。这第45节可能是他融会贯通之后,简化条列的结果。
第三个例子,是第16章“征税”内的第97节(页15960-15962)“酌定税之数端要理”。他在此节的引言上说:“国家酌拟赋税,首先道及应遵之诸要理者,即亚当?斯密(《泰西新史揽要》作师米德雅堂)所创论而声明之者也。论诚至善,凡习富国养民学者,务宜拳拳服膺而弗失也。试为依次列下。”他列了四点“要理”,我们可以确定这四点是出自《国富论》第五篇第二章第二节“论赋税”的引言:(1)公平,(2)确定,(3)缴税的方便,(4)尽量轻税。艾约瑟把斯密的原文(见Smith。1976:825—827),作了忠实完整的译写。
1.2.2 陈炽
陈炽(1855-1900)是江西瑞金县人,1889年任户部主事,1891年升为户部员外郎,1896年升为户部郎中,1900年卒于北京,享年46岁。他的生平、著作、译作都收录在《陈炽集》(北京:中华书局,1997)。
他在1896年12月25日第15期的《时务报》上,发表一篇译作《重译富国策》,之后在第16、19、23、25等4期上连载(重刊于《陈炽集》页274—295)。他在“叙”里说:“英人斯密德,着《富国策》一书,西国通人,珍之如拱璧。李提摩太译述《泰西新史》(即《泰西新史揽要》),推原英国富强之本,托始于是书。因忆十五年前,曾见总署同文馆所译《富国策》,词旨庸陋,平平焉无奇也。……旋假得西文《富国策》原文,与同文馆所译华文,彼此参校,始知原文闳肆博辨,文品在管墨之间,而译者弃菁英,存糟粕,名言精理,百无一存。……三十年来,徒以译者不工,上智通才,弃如敝屣,又何效法之足云!”

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Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book