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Jingdong book

经济学方法论译丛：批判的经济学方法论

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Books Economy Economic Theory

Jingdong book

经济学方法论译丛：批判的经济学方法论

Name: 经济学方法论译丛：批判的经济学方法论
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3110196351
Price: 24.99 USD
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《经济学方法论译丛：批判的经济学方法论》的首要特点就是他写得生动，充满了事实和现实的直观。作者能手到拈来地把事实材料结合进对自己的观点的论述中，教人读起来感到流畅，既感受出作者思想中饱含的激情，又不能不承认，作者所说的都有我们每日看到的现实作为依据。

Catalogue

序言
前言

第Ⅰ部分弗里德曼的方法论
1 1979年以前的经济学方法论
我在1979年《经济学文献杂志》上的论文的问世过程
2 对弗里德曼1953年论文批判的批判
逻辑学的效用
“工具主义”以及逻辑、真实性和理论之间的关系
阅读弗里德曼论文指南
批评者们
关于批判工具主义
2 批判方法论中的各取所需、经验主义和形式主义
经济学、社会学与失败主义者的约定论
不友善气氛的证据
方法论中的各取所需
弗里德曼的方法论和传统的经验主义
“正确的方法论”与“逻辑上正确的”论据
波普尔与约定主义者波普尔
制度学派的经济学家真的相信形式主义吗？
4 论当代经济思想史的方法论
弗里德曼在通信中的所谓不一致性
当代思想史的限制

第Ⅱ部分方法论批判和新古典经济学
5 经济学方法论中的同义反复与可检验性
6 批判新古典最大化假说是无效的
批判的类型和最大化假说
批判的逻辑基础
……

第Ⅲ部分批判经济学方法论的方法
第Ⅳ部分批判经济学分析的方法
第Ⅴ部分波普尔和经济学的方法论

Book Abstract

德·阿莱西后来又提出了一项次要的批评（德·阿莱西，1971年）。他说，弗里德曼通过告诉我们，有些假设和结论是“可以互相交换的”，从而给错误留下了空子。德·阿莱西正确指出，一项论据的这种“可逆性”，可能意味着该论据是同义反复的。当一项论据是同义反复的，它就不能也是来自观察的——也就是说，实证的。德·阿莱西论据的逻辑是正确的。然而由于弗里德曼说了“可以互相交换的”，就认为他是在指（整个）论据的“可逆性”，还不能明确这样说。弗里德曼试图说明的惟一的问题就是，取得作为一项“假设”的地位，并不一定是必然的。在任何情况中，仅仅因为条件和假设中的某一些是可以互相交换的，这并不一定意味着，作为一整体的该理论是同义反复的。若弗里德曼把假设视为“必要的”条件，则德·阿莱西所提出的问题就将变得更为严重。但是弗里德曼的工具主义并不要求假设具有这样的作用。
德·阿莱西的两项批评都是建立在这样的观点上，即归谬推理能够适用于弗里德曼的观点。这尤其是库普曼斯所坚持的观点，也就是说，若一项观点（或论据）的任何解释被认为是不真实的，则该观点本身也必然是不真实的。但是这种观点需认定假设乃是必要的条件。正如我已说过那样，这不适用于工具主义。因此，德·阿莱西的批评是不切题的，尽管在他的论据细节中，人们可能发现具有某些优点。
我的博学的同事在其论文中，有许多地方专门就弗里德曼关于假设、预言和对假说进行检验的观点而对弗里德曼的论文提出了他的形式主义的批判。除了我已举出的对弗里德曼论文的具体批判者而外，我并不打算在此（或另外的地方，为了上述问题）为弗里德曼或其论文辩护。我也不打算为著名的科学哲学家卡尔·波普尔辩护，他也受到了我的博学的来自马尼托巴的朋友的某种鄙视。情况正好相反，无论是弗里德曼还是波普尔，都不需要我的任何帮助。
我的来自马尼托巴的博学的同事已经发表了一篇既长又强烈的论文，意图将我和弗里德曼教授置于“怪人”和“江湖骗子”之间。我请求陪审团不要理会这些年轻气盛的举动，而是将注意力集中于他的论文的逻辑上面。他的论文以讨论杜威的工具主义始，又以讨论杜威的工具主义终。在开头，他宣称我1979年的论文通篇使用的工具主义这个词与杜威所讨论的工具主义不是一回事，并企图借机使读者误入歧途。当然，我同意这一主张，因为我从来就没有说过，弗里德曼的工具主义和杜威的工具主义是相同的。在文章的结尾，他的讨论想要应付在1979年拙文中所提出的一项挑战。这就是说，既然弗里德曼的工具主义方法论是其著名的方法论论文的主要特点，那么对该论文的有效批判就必须是有的放矢，从而必须以某种方式讨论弗里德曼的工具主义。令人遗憾的是，我的博学的朋友并未讨论弗里德曼的工具主义的方法论，反而是讨论了杜威的工具主义。既然我的朋友已经证明，弗里德曼的工具主义肯定不是杜威的工具主义，那他现在当然就不能利用杜威的看法来进行有的放矢的批判。
有些理论家怀有克服其理论中任何可能的信息不完全的特别企图，而粗心大意地造成了同义反复。例如，作为一项解释，整体的最大化意味着消费者的偏好或其关于一切可想像的产品组合的理论是恰当的，而这进而又意味着，消费者对一项不可被证实的全称陈述的认可。有些理论家因而对整体的最大化感到不自在，因为它要求于任何决策者的太多——但是通常的反应只会把事情弄得更糟。通过把前提限制为局部的最大化，最大化假说很容易地就被转化为同义反复。具体地说，虽然必要条件（a）和（b）对整体的最大化而言不是充分条件，但它们对局部的最大化而言却是充分条件。如果人们因而把前提改变为“倘若该消费者在该选定的产品组合的邻域内使效用达到最大化”，则人们只需假定如何选定正确的邻域。倘若邻域被定义为这样的邻域，在该邻域中，边际效用曲线斜率的变化率为单调地增加或下降，则该假说充其量为一循环论证的假说。然而，这里更为重要的是，倘若人们将前提局限于局部的最大化，则人们将极为严格地限制了该被引用的被解释行为的解释力量或通用性。两相比较，人们还是以保持其形而上学——而不是造成同义反复——以保证其辩护更为可取。
长期以来，培根的科学方法作为对人类知识提供合理基础这一问题的解决办法而起着支配作用。简而言之，一切人类的（也就是说，一切主观的）知识均可被证明是客观的事实或经验符合逻辑地发展的产物。按照这一解释，构成人类知识的仅仅只有两项要素：（i）事实或经验，（ii）逻辑上的证据。然而这也意味着，通过依靠培根的科学方法，人文主义者签订了一项具有内在矛盾的契约。下面我就来进行解释。
具体地说，如果人类知识所利用的只是经验事实，并且必须用逻辑上的证据来证明其正确，那么在人类知识中，人又在何处呢？很明显，如果必须在客观的现实世界中寻找事实的话，它们将不是人。这样一来，就只剩下支持人们知识的该论据的逻辑了。如果在人类知识中有人的话（这是人文主义者所期待的），它必然存在于论据的逻辑中。
现在，对于生活于今天的任何人来说，均可轻易地看出，这是一个问题。只需想一想电脑的应用，并且想一想环绕地球运行的人造卫星以及遨游太空而从木星和土星旁经过的人造卫星，就明白了。它们仅仅是逻辑的机器，其中有一些只是收集事实而无需任何人插手帮忙。我们不难看出，今天，在使事物符合逻辑方面，已不需要人。符合逻辑的决策可以用一台机器来表述而无需任何人必需适时做出决策。实际上，逻辑证明的全部实质就是它们的普遍性-任何人均能理解它们。该项证明的创作者无需亲自出场来解释该项证明。
在给定假设的“辩护的社会契约”的前提下，如果一切事实都是负载理论，则仍然需要客观地证明知识的基础是正确的，而这样做又将进而导致一项无限回归。不能提供一种使归纳主义起作用的归纳逻辑，加上不能在感觉论的信条以内（合理地）证明任何知识是正确的，这两项缺陷的结合，永远成了科学内部以及科学家与非科学家之间的许多激烈争论的基础。如果能够找到一项归纳逻辑，则世界将是多么和谐啊。几乎一切争论都能够合理地得到解决了，因为每个人都能对逻辑做出正确的评价。避免就谁的理论得到了事实的支持并由此被证明是真实的这一问题发生争论的另一个办法是，放弃如下的想法：理论要么是真的，要么是假的。
承认对真实性和虚假性的无能为力，并未避免一个主要的感觉论问题-即就谁的感觉已经产生了知识这一问题而引起的争论。许多人认为，仍然需要一个客观的权威来替代归纳逻辑与自明的真理以前的结合。可能有人会说，缺乏一个客观的权威，我们就只具有“存在主义”了。不过解决这一隐含的问题，似乎还是颇为容易的。我们可以仍然依靠理性本身（也就是说，演绎逻辑和数学）作为所需要的客观权威。这正是一项约定主义替代归纳主义的方案，也就是说，依靠普遍的理性而不放弃感觉论。
……

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