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Jingdong book

真实繁荣

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真实繁荣

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为什么历史上从未实现过“真实繁荣”?

古往今来,人类曾经经历了各式各样的繁荣,但这些繁荣很难称得上“真实繁荣”。“真实繁荣”是遵循社会发展规律、健康可持续的繁荣,但遗憾的是曾经繁荣的经济体都只能“各领风骚数百年”,不能实现持续的“风骚”。为何曾经繁荣过的经济体不能实现“真实繁荣”?为何中国古代会陷入朝代更迭的“周期律”?繁荣交替背后的根源到底是什么?

为什么只有中国可以实现“真实繁荣”?

过去三十年,中国的“摸着石头过河”改革创造出了“中国奇迹”,人们的生活水平已经得到了极大提高,有强大的内在动力去思考繁荣的持续性问题,同时利益集团并没有强大到可以阻挠改革,更谈不上完全固化。那么下一步是效仿西方的发展模式,还是继续自行探索,创造出一套新的经济发展模式?

本书从制度和制度安排角度探讨“真实繁荣”。

真实繁荣是指具有一个完整的制度体系作为机制保障的繁荣。这个制度体系能够消除利益集团的掣肘和羁绊,使社会机制更有柔性,能够适应各种环境变化,有效应对外来冲击,从而使社会始终保持活力,成为奠定经济繁荣的牢固基石。什么样的制度安排可以实现繁荣?什么样的制度体系可以实现“真实繁荣”?

如何进行大类资产配置,是机构投资者关心的问题之一。其实这隐含了一个需要探讨的背景问题,就是中国未来能“繁荣”多久,能否实现“真实繁荣”?假若中国未来不能实现繁荣,那么现在在中国做任何大类资产配置投资都意义不大,即便通过做空获得投资收益,本币贬值也会导致购买力所剩无几。银河证券首席经济学家潘向东以历史上各国兴衰的经验为基础,得出制度僵化是一国衰亡的主要原因。基于制度和制度安排的视角,探讨什么是“真实繁荣”,什么样的制度安排可以实现“真实繁荣”,以及中国是否可以实现“真实繁荣”等问题。

Content Description

为了探讨中国经济持续繁荣之路,本书首先从持续繁荣的路径进行分析,然后以历史上各国兴衰的经验为基础,得出制度僵化是一国衰亡的主要原因。作者通过研究改革开放30多年来的经济发展经验,发现是中国的改革周期演绎出了中国的经济周期。一个经济体假若缺乏市场秩序,加快市场自由化的过程必然是灾难,必然会成为权贵资本的盛宴。资本是实体的“粮草”,金融资源的错配必然制约经济的持续发展,因此改革的突破口必然是金融改革。

Author Description

潘向东,经济学博士、博士后,中国银河证券首席经济学家兼研究所所长,中国财政学会第九届理事会常务理事,“财经改革发展智库”专家委员会委员,中国证券业协会分析师专业委员会委员,中国首席经济学家理事会理事。曾任《经济研究》和《世界经济》的审稿专家。先后主持或参加国家社科重点项目、国家社科基金、国家自然科学基金、博士点基金、博士后基金等。

Catalogue

001 寻找“真实繁荣”

009 第一章 “繁荣更迭”的魔咒

011 第一节回顾历史:强国盛世不断更迭

021 第二节 放眼世界:求索繁荣成为新焦点

027 第三节 当下中国:30年周期如何破局

033 第二章繁荣不能“真实”之源

035 第一节农耕社会:多种前提因素“共振”

051 第二节中原王朝:“周期律”之惑与“李约瑟之谜”

065 第三节现代国家:创新而兴,僵化而亡

073 第三章通向“真实繁荣”的“密码”

076 第一节纠缠于效率之争的主流理论

092 第二节 “左右手”并非繁荣法器

105 第三节繁荣:不仅是效率问题,还是制度问题

124 第四节制度贵在保证繁荣“真实”

133 第四章“中国奇迹”下的繁荣如何延续

136 第一节让经典理论失灵的中国经济波动

143 第二节改革周期衍生出中国经济周期

155 第三节转型:从“斯密增长”到“熊彼特增长”

171 第五章从“非常态”迈向“新常态”

174 第一节始于危机救助的“非常态”

187 第二节 “非常态”演化的不确定性

198 第三节释放“斯密增长”,摆脱“非常态”

209 第六章寻找“真实繁荣”的基石

211 第一节制度的力量

225 第二节繁荣的传递

235 第三节繁荣的保障

249 第四节不断“进化”的繁荣制度安排

259 第七章金融:经济繁荣的“血液”

261 第一节金融背后的利益格局

271 第二节中国“特色”金融产生的逻辑

290 第三节金融:化解制度安排僵局的“调节器”

308 “真实繁荣”是可以实现的

314 跋

337 后记

——纵然无知,仍竭力思考践行

Book Abstract

在19世纪末20世纪初,美国的凡勃伦、康芒斯、米切尔等为代表的制度经济学派就热衷于从制度的视角去探讨繁荣。他们秉承德国历史学派的研究方法,主张运用具体的实证的历史主义方法,强调从历史实际情况出发,强调经济生活中的国民性和历史发展阶段的特征。他们当时在美国的影响力远远超过其他经济学派,其原因是“后发追赶”的美国,亟须有别于“日不落帝国”发展的理论支撑,这与当前的中国相似,亟须经济理论支持以寻求如何实现经济的“真实繁荣”。重视非市场因素的研究,使他们的研究内容是跨学科的,包括法律、历史、社会和伦理等各方面。

率先把制度纳入新古典分析框架去探讨经济繁荣发展的是科斯。他通过引入边际分析方法,分析边际交易成本,解释了现实制度的内生化及其对经济绩效的影响,使制度经济学在方法论上不再与主流经济学相对立或渐行渐远,而是呈现出“合流”或“融合”的倾向。诺斯把科斯以后的制度经济学称为“新制度经济学”。

本书既不准备像制度学派一样跨学科去研究中国经济发展问题,因为其他学科我知之甚少,也不准备像“新制度经济学”一样在新古典经济学框架内去探讨交易费用的问题,因为实用性会打折扣。本书准备从制度和制度安排的角度去探讨“真实繁荣”。

从实用性的角度去探讨“真实繁荣”,这是笔者多年从事投资银行研究养成的职业习惯。与机构投资者交流经济与金融形势时,他们的问题总是直接而务实。

如何进行大类资产配置,是机构投资者最为关心的问题之一,其实这隐含了一个需要探讨的背景问题,就是中国未来能“繁荣”多久,能否实现“真实繁荣”?假若中国未来不能实现繁荣,那么现在在中国做任何的大类资产配置都意义不大,即便通过做空获得投资收益,但最后本币贬值也会导致购买力所剩无几。假若中国未来还能繁荣十年,那么需要思考大类资产配置的时间周期也同样只有十年。假若中国未来能实现“真实繁荣”,那么未来中国的股神将代代涌现,根本不用去羡慕股神巴菲特。

股神巴菲特说:没有谁靠做空美国赚过钱。确实,美国自南北战争之后,经济就繁荣到现在,所以巴菲特做多美国股市自然会搭上便车。假若20世纪80年代以来,巴菲特依照他做多的思路,在拉美国家做资产配置,恐怕不是倾家荡产,也是损失惨重,即便他对公司研究有独到见解,高人一筹,但在国家系统性风险面前,这些都变得微不足道。做资产配置最为关键的是把握方向,就像我们乘坐滚梯,假若电梯往下,我们想往上走,不知道要多努力才能前进一小步,并且稍不注意就被电梯带下去;假若与电梯的方向一致,即便不走,也能跟着上去,当然跟着电梯方向努力走的,前进得更快。这充分说明,过去半个多世纪以来,为何股神出在美国,而没有出在其他经济体。

中国经济能繁荣多久?中国经济能否实现“真实繁荣”?如何实现“真实繁荣”?

要去研究这么一个宏伟的问题,估计大多数研究者都会选择回避,因为,首先这问题研究的范围太广,很难用数据说清楚,其次研究跨度太大、限制条件太多,很难准确把握。经济研究者更愿意在限定条件下建立数理模型,然后采用计量经济学方法运用数据对模型进行检验;或者,通过案例研究,提出经济理论及政策建议。前者需要研究的是制约因素的选择,而后者研究的是制约因素内的选择。借用杨小凯教授的研究观点,就是前者探讨角点解的问题,而后者探讨内点解的问题,复杂程度不是一个数量级。越复杂的问题,越难说清楚,其科学性也可能越差。

但作为在“前沿阵地”探讨“资产配置”的研究者而言,我们又无法回避对这一问题的思考和研究,大的方向判断不准确,任何后续的研究工作也就缺乏意义。作为经济研究者而言,对数据分析都会“掘地三尺”,很难被“虚假繁荣”所迷惑,但往往容易迷失在数据揭示的“繁荣幻觉”之中。印度经济学家帕特尔于1961年发表论文,以无可辩驳的数学计算进行预测:摆脱了英国殖民统治的印度将会在大约30年之内,在人均收入上超过法国,随后便会赶超美国。当然在50年之后的今天,我们都知道这一预测结果与实际发展大相径庭。一旦对大的方向出现判断失误,不管他当年的数学计算多么“严密”,他的研究也变得黯然失色。假若当年从事全球资产配置的投资者听信于他,估计即便没有破产,也应饱受了痛苦煎熬,更别幻想成为“巴菲特”了。

基于制度的视角去探讨“真实繁荣”,那么什么样的制度安排可以实现繁荣?什么样的制度可以实现“真实繁荣”?

糟糕的制度安排,大家都会嗤之以鼻。但一些在西方成熟经济体成功实施的制度安排,移植到发展中经济体,就出现了“变异”和“扭曲”,有人说,那是由于“发展中经济体的人不行”,这些经济体的人善于钻营,再好的制度安排到这些经济体都会“南橘北枳”。其实这是误解!设计得再精美的制度安排,假若背离经济体的发展阶段和国情,带来的其实是大家对它的“美好幻觉”,并不“真实”。唯有适合经济体发展的制度安排才是“真实” 的。

对任何经济体而言,没有好与坏的制度安排,只有适合与不适合的制度安排。一段时间适合经济发展的制度安排,随着经济的进一步发展,可能将演化为不适合经济发展的制度安排。但人的惯性思维,容易沉溺于过去成功过的制度安排,或者移植其他经济体取得过成功的制度安排,而忽视了自身经济发展不断变化的客观环境,从而导致制度安排僵化或制度安排移植过程中“水土不服”,制约了自身经济的“真实繁荣”。

因此,实现“真实繁荣”的精髓在于建立可以实现“真实繁荣”的制度体系。在此制度体系内,制度安排能更加柔性地根据发展环境的变化实现动态调整,能有效避免利益集团的固化和制度安排的僵化。相比较于人类历史上制度安排演进的其他两个发展路径——“革命”或“改良”而言,这个“第三条”发展之路的冲击成本更小,可控性更强。由于利益集团没有固化,社会发展过程中出现的矛盾都能在“常态化”的制度安排调整过程中得到有效化解。

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欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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