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Jingdong book

旅游人类学的社区旅游与社区参与

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Jingdong book

旅游人类学的社区旅游与社区参与

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《旅游人类学的社区旅游与社区参与》正是在博士论文的基础上修订而成的。在原有博士论文的体系上，考虑到这是一项旅游人类学方面的研究，于是增加了相关内容。其中关于“旅游人类学概述”。
Content Description

1995年我到加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学作访问研究之前，对旅游研究关注的重点是如何合理开发利用，更多的是从满足旅游者的行为需求的角度，总结旅游地发展演变规律，避免投资和资源浪费。即便是旅游经济影响研究，也主要是研究收入、就业影响，而对于旅游地的社区参与，不是被有意忽略，而是根本就没有意识到其重要性！
在加拿大接触到Peter Murphy的著作《旅游——社区方法》（Tourism：A Community Approach），对社区旅游才有了一点理性认识。应该指出，Peter。Murphy的书是1985年出版的，出版的时候中国旅游研究刚处于起步阶段。
Catalogue

序
第一章 绪论
第一节 研究目的和意义
第二节 研究对象与内容

第二章 旅游人类学概述
第一节 关于旅游人类学
第二节 旅游人类学的理论与方法
第三节 旅游人类学的研究范围和应用

第三章 旅游人类学在中国
第一节 旅游人类学在中国的发展现状
第二节 旅游人类学在中国的研究

第四章 社区参与旅游发展
第一节 社区发展与社区旅游
第二节 旅游业的利益相关者
第三节 社区参与旅游发展的研究

第五章 傣族园景区的社区参与
第一节 景区和社区一体化
第二节 社区的旅游参与现状
第三节 公司主导的社区参与
第四节 社区参与中难以协调的利益关系

第六章 遇龙河景区的社区参与
第一节 景区和社区紧密相连
第二节 社区的旅游参与过程
第三节 政府的尴尬和难题

第七章 世外桃源景区的社区参与
第一节 保持距离的景区和社区
第二节 无法分离的景区和社区
第三节 社区参与是企业和政府永远的挑战

第八章 社区参与的特征与成因
第一节 农民的参与积极性高
第二节 农民的参与程度低
第三节 社区参与具有积极的社会正效应
第四节 社区参与过程中矛盾普遍存在

第九章 提高社区参与度的路径选择
第一节 政府有限主导
第二节 社区能力建设
第三节 合同制约与法制规范
第四节 第三方力量的介入

第十章 中西社区参与对比及有效模式的建构
第一节 中西社区参与差异对比
第二节 中国有效社区参与模式的构建

第十一章 基本结论与学科展望
第一节 社区参与旅游发展的主要结论
第二节 中国旅游人类学的评价与展望
附录傣族园傣家乐接待户一日生活实录
参考文献
后记
Book Abstract

（一）解答我国现代化建设和旅游发展过程中提出的现实问题
旅游业发展、西部大开发、社会转型等带来了一系列社会问题，尤其是与旅游业密切相关的利益主体间的利益协调问题。社区利益的协调是顺利实现旅游开发的要求，因为社区文化和资源是旅游活动开展的重要依托，社区居民在认识到本土资源的旅游价值后，对旅游业的参与意识、参与热情日渐强烈。对旅游业的参与，在一定程度上提高了民族地区的文化自觉意识，推动了民族经济的发展。但有些社区盲目进行的旅游开发，是浅层次的、低质量的开发，加上缺乏有效的经营管理，不少社区旅游项目因迅速人工化和过度商业化而失去旅游吸引力，很快走向衰败。在外来投资介入的一些旅游项目中，也由于没有事先协调好与社区的利益分配关系，导致日后出现了社区居民与开发商等多方面的利益冲突，影响了旅游活动的正常开展。因此，总结社区在参与旅游开发过程中形成的比较成熟的经验，以及分析所面临的问题和遇到的困难，寻求解决途径，便成为社会经济发展的切实需要。对旅游进行深入研究，向各级政府提出一系列可行的政策建议，积极影响现行的公共政策，使之转向规范旅游业、促进社区旅游的可持续发展，具有很强的现实意义。
（二）拓展中国旅游学的学科内容和研究视角，并提供案例支持
旅游规划和旅游管理学科的研究目光往往集中于景区、旅游企业的规划和管理。以往的景区旅游规划缺少对社区居民的应有关注。旅游规划主要侧重对景观、景点的物质规划，而对社区居民考虑不够。这样的规划也因缺少了当地居民和社区的支持，致使规划的总体目标难以达成，规划也难以落到实处。同样，对旅游目的地或景区、旅游区管理的研究，一般主要探讨开发与经营行为管理、游客管理、人力资源管理、财务管理、质量管理、营销管理、环境与卫生管理、资源维护与保全管理、安全管理等等，对社区及其居民的管理很少涉及，他们大多处于被忽略状态。
Introduction

1995年我到加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学作访问研究之前，对旅游研究关注的重点是如何合理开发利用，更多的是从满足旅游者的行为需求的角度，总结旅游地发展演变规律，避免投资和资源浪费。即便是旅游经济影响研究，也主要是研究收入、就业影响，而对于旅游地的社区参与，不是被有意忽略，而是根本就没有意识到其重要性！
在加拿大接触到Peter Murphy的著作《旅游——社区方法》（Tourism：A Community Approach），对社区旅游才有了一点理性认识。应该指出，Peter。Murphy的书是1985年出版的，出版的时候中国旅游研究刚处于起步阶段。
Peter Murphy的书并没有引起我对社区旅游的极大关注，真正引起我对社区参与旅游的关注是回国后的1999年6月在桂林市龙胜县龙脊梯田的调研。龙脊梯田由于其独特的文化景观而成为旅游热点，县政府为了发展旅游业投资修了公路，并设管理机构收取游客门票。我出生长大在山区，对梯田这种文化景观非常熟悉，举世闻名的元阳梯田离我的家乡仅60公里，梯田这种景观如果没有农民的辛劳耕种就不会存在。本能驱使我问陪同考察的当地干部，“你们开发时征求过村民的意见吗？”，“有与村民签订的协议吗？”，“村民的利益考虑了吗？”。当我得到了多为否定的回答后，我说；“你们这样做村民会不配合甚至会抵制的。”

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