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Jingdong book

普通心理学

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Books Psychology Psychological Theory
Jingdong book

普通心理学

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在整个心理学的学科体系中，普通心理学处在基础的位置，它研究心理现象产生和发展的一般规律、心理学的历史、理论体系、发展趋势和研究方法，是心理学专业学习的入门学科。通过普通心理学的学习，学生不仅要掌握心理学中已经确立的、比较成熟的基本概念、基本理论、一般原理和基本方法，而且要通过学习，培养对心理学学科的学习兴趣，激发进一步探讨心理现象奥秘的欲望。
Catalogue

前言
第一章 绪论
第一节 心理学研究的对象
第二节 心理学的研究领域与学科性质
第三节 心理学的研究方法
第四节 心理学的历史与现状

第二章 心理和行为的生物学基础
第一节 神经系统的进化
第二节 神经元
第三节 神经系统和内分泌系统
第四节 大脑的结构与功能

第三章 感觉
第一节 感觉概述
第二节 视觉
第三节 听觉
第四节 其他感觉

第四章 知觉
第一节 知觉概述
第二节 知觉的特性
第三节 空间知觉
第四节 时间知觉和运动知觉
第五节 错觉

第五章 注意
第一节 注意概述
第二节 注意的认知一神经机制
第三节 睡眠与梦

第六章 记忆
第一节 记忆概述
第二节 记忆的神经生理机制
第三节 感觉记忆
第四节 短时记忆
第五节 长时记忆
第六节 前瞻记忆
第七节 记忆的方法与策略

第七章 思维与语言
第一节 思维概述
第二节 表象与想象
第三节 概念与推理
第四节 问题解决
第五节 语言概述
第六节 语言的产生与理解

第八章 动机和兴趣
第一节 动机概述
第二节 动机种类
第三节 意志行动
第四节 兴趣概述
第五节 兴趣种类
第六节 兴趣培养

第九章 情绪和情感
第一节 情绪与情感概述
第二节 情绪的生理机制
第三节 表情
第四节 情绪理论
第五节 情绪调节

第十章 人格
第一节 人格概述
第二节 人格理论
第三节 认知风格
第四节 人格的全程发展
第五节 人格测评

第十一章 能力
第一节 能力概述
第二节 能力结构
第三节 能力测验
第四节 能力的发展与个体差异

第十二章 学习
第一节 学习概述
第二节 学习理论
第三节 知识的学习
第四节 技能的学习

第十三章 心理健康
第一节 心理健康概述
第二节 学校心理健康教育
第三节 学校心理咨询
第四节 学校心理辅导
第五节 教师心理健康

第十四章 心理发展
第一节 心理发展概述
第二节 生理与动作技能的发展
第三节 认知与言语的发展
第四节 人格与社会性发展

第十五章 社会心理
第一节 社会心理概述
第二节 社会知觉
第三节 社会态度
第四节 社会影响和社会互动
Book Abstract

（一）遗传因素在能力发展中的作用
遗传是指经由基因的传递，使后代获得亲代的特征。基因是遗传的基本单元。心理学家一般都认可遗传因素在能力发展中的作用，但对在能力发展中遗传因素和环境因素的相对作用的看法就不尽相同了。
在智力的形成和发展中，遗传因素的作用是重要的。对双生子的研究发现，同卵双生子之问的智商相关最高，异卵双生子之间的智商相关次之，无血缘关系者之间的智商相关最低。在智力的形成和发展中，环境因素的作用是存在的。无血缘关系而生活在同一环境者的智商有中度相关；异卵双生子之间的遗传关系与普通兄弟姐妹之间的遗传关系是相同的，但同性别的异卵双生子在同一环境长大者比同胞兄弟姐妹在同一环境长大者的智商相关要高。
我国学者（林崇德，1981）对类似或相同环境中长大的24对同卵双生子（幼儿、小学生和中学生各8对）和24对异卵双生子（幼儿、小学生和中学生各8对，其中同性异卵和异性异卵各占一半）进行研究。结果表明，同卵双生子运算能力的相关系数为0.89，异卵双生子的相关系数只有0.66（其中同性异卵双生子为0.71，异性异卵双生子为0.61）。这表明，遗传因素和儿童智力发展之间有密切的关系。但对大多数人来说，遗传和生理差异都不大，因此遗传因素是智力发展的重要条件，而不是决定条件。此外，遗传对智力的发展作用存在年龄差异，它对智力的影响随年龄增大而减弱。
素质是有机体生来具有的解剖生理特点，主要是神经系统、感觉器官和运动器官的解剖生理特点，特别是大脑的解剖生理特点。素质是遗传的，它服从于遗传规律。一般认为，素质是能力发展的自然前提，没有这个前提，就不能发展相应的能力。如果缺乏某一方面的素质，就难以发展某一方面的能力。例如，脑发育不全的儿童就不可能发展计算能力，天生的视力缺陷者盲人难以发展绘画能力，生来聋哑的人就无法发展音乐能力。但是，素质本身不是能力，也不能决定一个人的能力，它仅仅提供能力发展的可能性。人只有通过后天的教育和实践活动才能使发展的可能性变为现实性。例如，一个人的手指长，可能发展打字能力，也可能发展成为钢琴家。向哪一方面发展，则取决于环境，取决于教育和实践活动，取决于社会需要。
（二）环境因素在能力发展中的作用
环境指客观现实，包括自然环境和社会环境。一般认为，大多数儿童的素质是相差不大的，其能力发展之所以有差异，则由环境、教育和实践活动造成。
环境对智力发展的影响，经常用个体后天智力的变化发展来说明。有些心理学家认为，每个人从遗传所得到的潜在能力是不一样的，这种潜在能力开发到什么程度，则取决于环境。许多研究表明，在良好环境中生活的儿童的智力能很好地发展。德尼斯等人在孤儿院做的研究发现，留在孤儿院的儿童的智力发展慢，智商平均只有53；而被领养的儿童智商发展快，平均达到80，特别是年龄很小时就被领养的儿童，智商可以达到100。
在环境因素中，社会生产方式是影响能力发展的最重要的因素。一定的社会生产力和生产关系对能力发展起着重要作用。生产力影响经济生活、科学文化水平和教育水平，从而影响人的智力发展。
……

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