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Jingdong book

弗洛伊德的近视眼：适应性潜意识如何影响我们的生活？

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Books Psychology Social Psychology

弗洛伊德的近视眼：适应性潜意识如何影响我们的生活？

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你了解自己的潜意识吗？更有主见，反应更快捷的是潜意识还是意识？潜意识能在多大程序上操控我们的行为？人们可不可以通过训练来改进潜意识？《弗洛伊德的近视眼：适应性潜意识如何影响我们的生活？》揭露弗洛伊德的观念限制，阐述了适应性潜意识将如何影响我们的生活。
现代心理学的发展，的确要归功于弗洛伊德敢于向意识狭廊以外的天地窥探；然而，在经验心理学里，却发生了一场有关潜意识本质的革命，揭露了弗洛伊德的观念限制。当他追随实验心理学家费赫纳说意识就像是心理冰山浮出水面的顶端时，简直是失之毫厘，差之千里——它或许只是像冰山顶的雪球那么大而已。

Author Description

提摩西·D·威尔森博士，1999年获选为美国心理学学会会士I Fellow of American Psy chological Societyl，2001年荣获维吉尼亚大学杰出教师奖，目前为美国维吉尼亚大学心理学系教授，专长为研究态度、情绪、判断／决策、自我／认同、社会认知等，著有《Social Psychology》。
傅振焜，1964年生，中国台湾东海大学哲学系毕业。曾任职于时报出版、Discovery频道。译有《后资本主义社会》、《黄金的魔力》、《经营大师的22堂课》、《猎人之心》、《孤独的呼唤》、《加拿大》、《铁达尼号》等书现为自由翻译者，

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“适应性潜意识”可以进行自动化思考（automatic thinking），让我们“心有旁骛”地同时完成几件事情，就宛如电脑的作业软件，可以同时开几个视窗进行不同的程式。更重要的是，“无意识”是建构人格的土壤，也潜藏着人类的偏见，若未将“它”的功能估算进去，人类将无法认识自己。书中在改变自我的论述中，十分强调“叙事”的力量。一个人只要可以把发生
过的现象串成一个自己可以理解、接受的故事，虽然事情本身不一定有所转变，但矛盾与挣扎撑起的张力，已消弭大半。
——吴佳璇（中国台湾大学附属医院精神部主治医师、财团法人精神健康基金会执行长）

Catalogue

推荐序脑的美丽境界
前言探索适应性潜意识

第1章弗洛伊德的洞见与盲点
适应性潜意识vs弗洛伊德的潜意识
什么是潜意识的本质？
为何会有潜意识存在？
非弗洛伊德观点的潜意识
自我了解的意义

第2章适应性潜意识
潜意识休假
潜意识的定义
笛先生做不到的事
“学习”是无意识模式侦测器
“注意力与筛选”是无意识过滤器
“解释”是无意识解读器
“感觉与情绪”是适应性潜意识评价者
无意识的目标设定
葫芦里卖的是什么药？
对笛先生的回顾

第3章谁在做主？
意识、演化、功能
适应性潜意识与意识的特性
复合系统vs单一系统
模式侦测器vs事后检验器
着眼当下vs长远考虑
自动处理vs控制处理
适应性潜意识的僵硬固执
不自知的行为
适应性潜意识聪不聪明？

第4章了解自己是谁
人格心理学的现状
米歇尔与国王的新衣
两种人格：适应性潜意识与意识的自我
适应性潜意识的人格
无意识的假设推断
扫描模式：惯常接近性
移情：新旧转移
心理依恋的运作模式
双面动机与目标
我们看自己是否和别人看我们一样？
建构的自我
无意识与意识人格的起源
自我了解的意义

第5章了解行为反应的原因
了解生活中的行为原因
婴儿的命名游戏
桥上爱情
裤袜、吸尘器与原因推断
为何人们常会误解自身反应的原因？
意识因果关系的问题
陌生人和你一样了解你的反应原因吗？
人们对自我情绪的预告了解多少？
自以为是的错觉

第6章了解自己的感觉
感觉的无可矫正性
度量问题
理论问题
适应性潜意识的感觉
无意识的预警系统
对托普的爱与恨
轶事之外
迈向无意识感觉与态度的理论

第7章了解自己未来的情绪
情绪反应的短暂性
金钱买不到爱或快乐
我永远也不会忘怀
为何人们能够如此迅速恢复？
重要的是过程
因比较而痛苦
快乐像血压
理解道理，寻找意义
我自始至终都知道
心理免疫系统
为何人们不知道自己的恢复力极强？
对内心世界变化的错误预测
对外在世界变化的错误预测

第8章内省与个人叙事
手电筒、考古挖掘与自我叙述
日常内省
不要分析原因
分析原因一定会这么糟吗？
接受直觉
个人问题的内省
反刍苦恼
通过内省寻找意义
心理治疗：建构较适当的叙事

第9章向外探索自己
钻研心理学以认识自己
你受广告影响吗？
你是种族歧视者吗？
通过他人的眼光来看自己
解读别人对我们的看法之准确性
应该根据别人的看法调整自我认知吗？

第10章自我观察及改变行为
观察自身行为来了解自己
自我揭露或自我捏造？
谁在推断？
行于善而臻于善
判断自我描述的好坏
参考文献

Book Abstract

自动处理VS控制处理
众所周知，我们不用刻意集中注意力，便可轻松、迅速地做出许多行为，譬如骑脚踏车、开车、弹钢琴等等；一旦学会这些复杂的行为，当我们自动执行，毋需刻意留心要怎么动作，会做得更好。因此，当我在打这些字时，只要一去想小指与食指要怎么打，马上就会打错字。体育学对此有个专业说法：当选手做到自动反应时，不用刻意去想要怎么动作，就可以做得很好，这表示他已经进入“状态”。
同样地，我们也不常设想要怎么思考，它就自动思考了。正如弹钢琴可以成为自动化一样，心智对于自然、社会世界的信息处理方式，也可以变成自动化。事实上，适应性潜意识的一项定义特征，便是如自动驾驶仪般运作的能力；而自动化思考有五项定义特征：不知不觉、迅速、非刻意、无法控制、轻松不费力。诚如社会心理学家巴夫所言，不同的自动化思考符合这些标准的程度不一，为了方便说明，我们可以把自动化思考定义为符合全部或大部分标准的思考。
在第2章已经提过这类型思考（以适应性潜意识去过滤、解读、评估进入的信息）的一些例子。在鸡尾酒派对的例子中，适应性潜意识阻隔其他不相干的交谈，同时监控别人的谈话（如果别人说了些重要的事，譬如我们的名字，便提醒我们注意）；这个历程符合自动化思考的五项标准：在不知不觉中发生，过程迅速且非刻意-一也就是说，即便我们没有要无意识过滤器运作，它还是会自己运作；它也是不可控制的，亦即无意识过滤器的运作不容置喙，也无法试着中止它；它的运作轻松自如，不需要耗费什么心力或资源就能运作。
另一个自动化思考的例子，是用固定概念去认知或归类别人的倾向。当我们跟某人初次碰面时，常会不知不觉地依照种族、性别、年纪等特性将他归类，这种自动化归类处理有可能是天生的——我们天生就喜欢将他人分门别类。而分类的本质（刻板概念的内容）却不是天生的，没有人生来就对某个群体有特定的刻板概念，但是，一旦我们通过周围环境的文化习得这些概念，往往便会在无意中、不自觉、难以控制、毫不费力地运用它们。相较之下，意识思考则比较缓慢，而且是刻意（典型地思考我们要想的事情）、可控制地（比较能影响思考的内容）、费神地（当我们分心或入神时，意识很难专注在某事情上）。
……

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