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Jingdong book

自私的模因

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Books Psychology Psychological Theory

Jingdong book

自私的模因

Name: 自私的模因
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116046731
Price: 45.87 USD
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文化，是人类独特而迷人的一个方面。它是如何出现和发展起来的呢？理查德·道金斯认为，文化是进化而来的，模因是文化的复制因子，模因就像生物界中的基因一样，也受到变异和选择的影响。从这种意义上说，人类文化是一种无意识的进化算法的产物。诚如人们所言，这是否意味着，我们仅仅是模因机器？有意识的自我只是一种错觉？

Content Description

模因论可以帮助我们理解人性、文化和环境之间复杂的相互作用，明确影响我们的信念和态度，并发现虚假或有害的思想（尽管有大量合理的证据来反对它们）是如何取得成功的。在这样的背景下，也许我们可以更容易地辨别可能会引导我们走向真理的道路。

Author Description

凯特·迪斯汀（Kate Distin）博士，独立学者，英国哲学家。
英国谢菲尔德大学哲学博士，并在剑桥大学获奖学金资助取得科学史及科学哲学学位。主要研究语言作为文化信息承传机制所起的作用，并提出研究自然语言与人工语言之间的差异问题。
著有《自私的模因》（The Seltisb Meme，2005）和《文化进化》（Cultural Evolution，2011），均由剑桥大学出版社出版。

Comments

语言模因揭示了话语流传和语言传播的规律，可以帮助我们进一步理解与解释我们既熟悉又陌生的语言，进一步加深对人类自身的认识。

——著名语言学家何自然教授

模因论可以帮助我们理解人性、文化和环境之间复杂的相互作用，明确影响我们的信念和态度，并发现虚假或有害的思想是如何取得成功的。在这样的背景下，也许我们可以更容易地辨别可能会引导我们走向真理的道路。

——剑桥出版社

Catalogue

作者序
推荐序
译者前言
第一章绪论
进化并非只局限于生物界，也可能发生在文化领域，这一提法尽管并非原创，但颇具吸引力。人们常常会向我们描绘一种颇具隐喻意味的情景：思想和理论会随着时间的推移而“进化”，真实的情况是否恰恰就是如此？换句话说，达尔文主义所阐明的进化过程是否也适用于文化领域？

第二章模因假说
像生物领域一样，在文化领域内也存在着进化过程（复制、选择和变异）。进化论的核心特征就是复制因子的生存差异，那么文化领域中的复制因子又是什么呢？它和大脑思维之间的关系又是什么呢？这些问题在本章均可找到答案。

第三章文化中的DNA
在任何形式的进化中，进化的内容基本上都是信息。在生物进化中，基因是保存生物信息的方式，基因以DNA为载体。本章还探讨了文化中的DNA，文化进化中保存文化信息的方式，以及它以什么为载体。

第四章复杂文化的复制
模因复制是信息表征内容的一个组合过程。模因的复制过程类似于构建拼图游戏，而基因的复制过程则像是拍照，不过两个过程的本质都是一样的。当然，基因传递的方式与模因起作用的方式会存在很多差异。模因的复制速度要比基因快得多，相应地模因的进化也就比基因快得多。

第五章变异
基因的变异方式是突变和重组，模因的突变和重组似乎比比皆是。模因的创新是一种心理过程，它依赖于人脑进行复制、创新和选择。模因变异通常是一个进化过程，而模因重组则可以发生在个体层面和社会层面上。模因重组可能是一种更重要的模因创新方式。

第六章选择
模因为获取并保持人脑的注意力而竞争，从这个意义上看，它们的成败受环境的影响比受自身内容的影响更大。力了有可能被准
……
第七章小结
第八章人的思维：带病毒的模因复合体？
第九章模因的视角
第十章早期文化的进化
第十一章模因中的DNA
第十二章模因和大脑
第十三章科学、宗教与社会：模因能告诉我们什么？
第十四章结论
注释
参考文献
译名对照表及索引

Book Abstract

不确定的表征内容？
（我们已经）掌握了“开关”表征和更复杂的表征之间的不同，以及不同类型属性（因果相关和功能相关）之间的差异，现在应该可以开始探究任意指定表征的内容了。
我们准备从最简单的（表征内容）种类开始，这是合乎常理的，如青蛙的例子，其表征内容是由对刺激接触的天生反应而形成的。只考虑苍蝇的一个属性，研究一下我们如何能够判断该属性是否被包含在青蛙对周围小黑点的表征里。苍蝇作为食物的属性似乎是一个好的研究对象，因为这是青蛙伸舌行为之所以能与青蛙对那类物体的表征联系起来的主要原因。那么，从这种意义上讲，食物是苍蝇的功能相关属性，而且这似乎暗示着青蛙的表征内容必须包含食物。
然而，事情并没有乍看之下那么简单明了。假设，一旦表征被建立起来了，在那个地方的营养丰富的小黑点比例变了（比如，因为此地开始发生小弹丸射击事件，而青蛙却不能区分嗡嗡飞过的是小弹丸还是苍蝇）。原来绝大部分小黑点都是苍蝇，而如今青蛙所捕捉到的物体都是不可消化的。青蛙的问题是它仍然不能用视觉把两者区分开，并继续捕捉所有的小黑点。它的表征原来是由接触苍蝇而形成的，现在却主要是由小弹丸而触发的。那么，我们如何肯定地说那个表征内容包括郾个属性呢？尽管食物原本是物体最初所显示的功能相关属性，如今该表征主要是由非食物类物体触发的。
从技术层面上讲，青蛙所不能做到的是，改进它对具有同样因果相关属性物体的反应，以应对物体在功能相关属性上的改变。换而言之，甚至当几乎没有小黑点作为青蛙的食物时，它仍然会继续捕捉具有相关外表的任何物体。青蛙的表征被建立起来了，由于当时小黑点的营养价值，青蛙将伸舌的行为与对小黑点的感知联系起来。问题是，现在青蛙脑海里的表征是一成不变的，它没有根据刺激物的变化来改变其表征的学习能力。
这就意味着，我们不可能发现“食物”是否是青蛙表征的一部分。有人会争辩说，它一定是（表征的一部分），因为苍蝇的营养价值正是该表征首先存在的原因。按此观点看，每当青蛙捕食小弹丸时，它正在犯一种错误。同样貌视合理的是，有人会回应说“食物”不可能是（表征的一部分），因为无论周围的小黑点是否有营养，青蛙都会以完全相同的方式行动。按此观点看，它的表征被确定以表明具有相关外表的东西，而每当小弹丸嗡嗡飞过时，它都能正确地做到这一点，只是青蛙不能从中受益。然而，不可能解决这两种观点之间的争议，因为无论哪个观点是正确的，青蛙的行为都不会有可察觉的差异。在另一个受控实验中，让营养价值不同的小黑点嗡嗡飞过，监控青蛙的反应，结果青蛙还是以同样的方式对所有的小黑点都做出反应。根据一种观点，每当青蛙对小弹丸做出反应时，它都是在犯错误；而根据另一种观点，它不是（在犯错误）——但是观察不能告诉我们是哪一种情况。
当然，也许可以检验任何刺激物的因果相关属性是否被包含在表征里。例如，让大小、形状和颜色各异的物体，以不同的速度飕飕地在青蛙眼前掠过，我们就可以观察出哪类物体引起青蛙的伸舌反应，依此方式汇总一份构成青蛙表征的部分届性清单。另一方面，这仍使问题悬而未决，问题是哪一个功能相关属性应该被包含在那个清单里，而且到了这个程度，对青蛙表征的完整描述仍然是难以实现的。
……

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