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控释药物传递系统的设计

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发现具有药理作用的,能用于处置、治疗疾病或缓解症状的新化学实体,仅仅是药物开发过程的第一步。新药开发中,研究如何在确定的时间或某一时间段内将预期量的治疗成分传递至靶点,与发现新治疗成分同等重要。为了获得最佳治疗效果,应设计一种传递系统,以期能以预计的速率和在期望的部位达到最适宜的药物浓度。目前,已有许多药物传递系统能够以时间或空间控制的方式传递药物,也有很多传递系统尚处于研究中。已有大量关于基于药物释放机理的药物传递系统的书籍和综述出版发表。随着这些技术的进步,以一种合理的方式,结合成功研发的实例,对这些新的药物传递概念加以介绍是很有必要的,这将便于药物发现、开发和生物工程领域的药学家和工程技术人员的理解和应用。
本书重点论述药物传递系统的设计原则及其生理/病理基础。每章的内容均由以下几个部分构成:
引言
药物传递系统设计的基本原理
控制释放的机理或动力学
用于调控药物传递速率或空间靶向的关键参数
药物传递系统/技术现状
药物传递系统的前景
在基于设计原理展开对各种药物传递系统/技术的讨论之前,本书的前两章概述了有关药物传递的药动学和生物学屏障的基本概念。对于每一个具体的设计原理,编者也对必要的药动学知识以及必须克服的各种生物学屏障进行了简要的介绍。
Author Description

李宵凌,博士,美国太平洋大学(加利福尼亚州,斯托克顿)Thomas J.Long药学和卫生科学学院教授,院长。李宵凌教授毕业于犹他大学,获博士学位,其后在Ciba—Geigy(现为诺华公司)从事博士后研究工作。李宵凌教授的研究方向主要包括:药物和生物医学用新型聚合物的设计与合成、靶向药物传递以及通过生物屏障的药物传递。李宵凌教授拥有两项专利,已发表论文30余篇,在国内和国际会议报告70余次。李宵凌教授现兼任多家制药和生物技术公司的顾问。
Catalogue

第1章药动学和药效学在控制传递系统设计中的应用
1.1 引言
1.2药动学和药效学
1.3LADME系统和药动学参数的含义
1.3.1 最大血药浓度(Cp,max)、达峰时间(Tmax)和一级吸收速率常数(Ka)
1.3.2生物利用度(F)
1.3.3分布容积(Vd)
1.3.4清除率(CL)
1.3.5一级消除速率常数(K)和半衰期(T1/2)

1.4药动学及其模型
1.4.1 线性与非线性药动学
1.4.2 时间和状态变化的药动学和药效学

1.5药物动力学:给药、处置和卷积
1.5.1给药
1.5.2处置
1.5.3给药和处置的卷积

1.6药动学隔室模型
1.6.1单剂量给药系统
1.6.2 多剂量给药系统和稳态动力学

1.7药动学在控释传递系统设计中的应用
1.7.1 控释传递系统设计面临的挑战
1.7.2单独应用药物动力学设计控释传递系统的局限
1.7.3 控释传递系统设计中药动学/药效学因素的实例
1.8结论
参考文献

第2章 药物传递的生理和生物化学屏障
2.1 引言
2.2 口服控释药物传递系统的屏障
2.2.1 胃肠道的解剖结构
2.2.2 胃肠道的生理和生物化学特性
2.2.3 口服药物传递的屏障

2.3非口服控释药物传递的屏障
2.3.1皮肤
2.3.2 眼
2.3.3口腔
2.3.4鼻
2.3.5肺
2.3.6阴道黏膜
2.4控释药物传递的生理和生物化学屏障
致谢
参考文献

第3章 前药作为药物传递系统
3.1 引言
3.2前药设计的基本原则
3.3前药设计的原理
3.3.1酯类前药
3.3.2酰胺类前药
3.3.3盐类前药
3.3.4其他前药类型

3.4用于延长治疗作用的前药
3.5不同给药途径的前药设计
3.5.1鼻腔给药的前药
3.5.2眼部传递的前药
3.5.3注射给药的前药
3.5.4透皮传递的前药
3.5.5 口服给药的前药
3.5.6 口腔传递的前药

3.6前药作为药物传递系统的进展
3.6.1抗体导向酶前药疗法(ADEPT)
3.6.2基因导向酶前药疗法(GDEPT)和病毒导向酶前药疗法(GDEPT)
3.6.3大分子导向酶前药疗法(MDEPT)
3.6.4凝集素导向酶激活前药疗法(LEAPT)
3.6.5树形聚合物
3.7结论与展望
参考文献

第4章扩散控制的药物传递系统
4.1 扩散理论
4.1.1扩散的基本方程
4.1.2从预载药骨架中扩散释放
4.1.3跨屏障膜扩散

4.2 口服扩散控释系统
……
第5章溶出控制药物传递系统
第6章胃滞留剂型
第7章渗透控制药物传递系统
第8章装置控制的粉末传递
第9章可生物降解聚合物物药物传递系统
第10章载体介导的生物大分子传递系统
第11章药物传递的物理靶向方法
第12章药物传递的配体靶向方法
第13章程控药物传递系统
Book Abstract

第1章药动学和药效学在控制传递系统设计中的应用
1.1 引言
在生物药剂学领域,特别是在药物传递学领域,药剂学家们通常面临着一个技术难题:研发药物传递系统以实现预期的目标。就药动学而言,这个目标通常就是获得介于最低有效浓度(MEC)和最低中毒浓度(MTC)之间的血浆/血液药物浓度。
1937年,Teorell发表的两篇论文,“物质在体内的分布动力学”,宣告了药物动力学的诞生。由此,他的研究开创了一个完整的科学领域,这一领域是关于奠定控释传递系统的动力学基础的定量问题,即设计一个传递装置或系统,以获得所需的血浆药物浓度或所需的浓度曲线。为了实现临床有效,但又不至于中毒,所需的稳态必须大于MEC且小于MTC。这一所需的或目标稳态可以通过采用不同剂型和传递/剂量方案来实现。
1.2药动学和药效学
药动学和药效学提供了在开发最优的药物传递方案中所必需的药物浓度和预期的目标药效之间的时间过程的动力学。其基本前提是,如果能够将支配机体摄入药物转换成血药浓度Cn或药效的动力学准确地模型化,就有可能通过设计药物摄入传递装置或方案,从而使药效最大化,同时副作用最小化。表述了实现量效转化的三个主要过程之间的关系。药动学模型将剂量转换为血浆药物浓度Cp;链接模型则将Cp映射到作用位点的药物浓度Ce;最后,药效学模型将Ce转变为可测量到的药效。对于大多数药物而言,Cp与药效之间是一对一的对应关系;因此,大多数传递装置都致力于实现所需的稳态血药浓度Cp,ss。所以,本章将重点阐述利用药动学来指导设计能获得所需血药浓度的控释传递系统。对于Cp一药效之间的关系非恒定(时间或状态变化的药动学和药效学)而导致的一些问题,将在“单独应用药动学设计控释传递系统的局限”一节中加讨论。
Introduction

发现具有药理作用的,能用于处置、治疗疾病或缓解症状的新化学实体,仅仅是药物开发过程的第一步。新药开发中,研究如何在确定的时间或某一时间段内将预期量的治疗成分传递至靶点,与发现新治疗成分同等重要。为了获得最佳治疗效果,应设计一种传递系统,以期能以预计的速率和在期望的部位达到最适宜的药物浓度。目前,已有许多药物传递系统能够以时间或空间控制的方式传递药物,也有很多传递系统尚处于研究中。已有大量关于基于药物释放机理的药物传递系统的书籍和综述出版发表。随着这些技术的进步,以一种合理的方式,结合成功研发的实例,对这些新的药物传递概念加以介绍是很有必要的,这将便于药物发现、开发和生物工程领域的药学家和工程技术人员的理解和应用。
本书重点论述药物传递系统的设计原则及其生理/病理基础。每章的内容均由以下几个部分构成:
引言
药物传递系统设计的基本原理
控制释放的机理或动力学
用于调控药物传递速率或空间靶向的关键参数
药物传递系统/技术现状
药物传递系统的前景
在基于设计原理展开对各种药物传递系统/技术的讨论之前,本书的前两章概述了有关药物传递的药动学和生物学屏障的基本概念。对于每一个具体的设计原理,编者也对必要的药动学知识以及必须克服的各种生物学屏障进行了简要的介绍。
我们相信,本书会为药学家、生物工程技术人员以及相关领域的研究生提供有用的知识,并成为他们在研究、学习中的系统指南和参考。
感谢参与本书编写工作的所有作者。我们特别要感谢McGrawHill出版公司的Kenneth McCombs先生,感谢他在编辑本书中的耐心、理解和支持。
谨以此书献给我们所深爱的妻子——Xinghang Ma(马兴杭)和Hymavathy Jasti,及孩子们——Richard Li、Louis Li、Sowmya Jasti和Sravya Jasti。感谢在这些年中,当我们的目光专注于电脑屏幕时,妻子给予的支持和理解,以及孩子们失去的一同游戏的时光。

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Jingdong book