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多媒体眼病系列·青光眼:光明的盗贼(附光盘)

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《青光眼——光明的盗贼》一书将青光眼的专业知识以多媒体的方式进行演绎,对原发性青光眼、继发性青光眼、先天性青光眼和混合性青光眼进行了分析介绍,使患者对不同类型的青光眼有一定的认识和了解,同时在青光眼的治疗方面,详细列举了治疗青光眼的药物、各种激光术,及相关的手术术式,从而使患者对选择何种方式进行青光眼治疗有一个完整的概念。

价值和特点:

编者均为国内青光眼科的权威专家
综合讲述了青光眼的分类、易患人群、临床症状及诊断等内容,
对青光眼的各种治疗方式进行了详细讲解,包括药物治疗、激光治疗、手术治疗,同时对青光眼患者的饮食护理和家庭护理也加以阐述
附赠DVD动态视频资料,多媒体结合,力求帮助读者更全面的了解青光眼病的相关知识

Content Description

《青光眼——光明的盗贼》一书以两部分进行讲述,分别为青光眼简介和青光眼治疗,作者根据丰富的临床实践经验,将青光眼的分类、青光眼的易患人群、青光眼的症状、青光眼的诊断进行了详细介绍,同时又深入描述了青光眼不同的治疗方法,包括药物治疗、激光治疗、手术治疗,除此之外,还对青光眼患者的饮食护理和家庭护理进行了进一步阐述,希望能够对青光眼患者提供一定帮助。

Author Description

季健,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,天津医科大学眼科医院青光眼科主任。多年来从事青光眼、白内障的临床及基础研究工作,先后开展了超声乳化白内障摘除术、新式非超声乳化不缝合白内障摘除术、非穿透小梁切除术、经巩膜睫状体光凝、经内窥镜睫状体光凝、房水引流物植入、自体晶状体前囊膜移植治疗青光眼等多项技术。

汪建涛,教授,博士生导师,眼科学博士,留美博士后,天津医科大学眼科医院&眼视光学院副院长,中华医学会眼科学分会青光眼学组委员,天津眼镜学会副理事长,天津细胞生物学会理事,中华眼科杂志编委,上海市浦江人才,上海市和天津市引进人才。

刘伟,眼科学硕士,天津医科大学眼科医院主治医师。毕业后一直从事眼科学的临床、基础研究及教学工作,尤其是在各种类型的青光眼、白内障的诊治方面积累了丰富的经验,对各种遗传性眼病的致病基因定位、产前诊断及出生缺陷干预等工作也具有较深的造诣。

Catalogue

第一章 青光眼简介
1.1 青光眼的分类
1.2 哪些人易患青光眼?
1.3 青光眼会有什么症状?
1.4 如何诊断青光眼?

第二章 青光眼治疗
2.1 青光眼的药物治疗
2.2 青光眼的激光治疗
2.3 青光眼的手术治疗
2.4 青光眼患者饮食护理
2.5 青光眼患者家庭护理

Book Abstract

第二章青光眼治疗

很不幸,青光眼不能被彻底治愈。所幸的是,一经早期发现,青光眼就可以得到有效的治疗,以延缓青光眼的进展。目前青光眼的治疗主要包括药物治疗、激光治疗、手术治疗三大类。所有的治疗方法都是通过降低眼压以及保护视神经,来阻止或推迟视神经的持续损伤,防止视野的进一步缺损,尽可能长时间地保存现有的视功能。

2.1青光眼的药物治疗

目前,用于降低青光眼患者眼压的药物主要有六大类:

1.前列腺素类(如苏为坦、适利达、卢美根)

本类药物的优点为:降压幅度大;全身副作用小;非眼压依赖,尤适用于低眼压者;适用范围大,适用于开角型青光眼、房角未全部关闭的闭角型青光眼,多种继发性青光眼;使用方便,每日一次,依从性好等。但是本类药物相对较贵,早期局部反应稍重。

2.β-肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂(如噻吗心安、美开朗、贝特舒、贝他根)

本类药物适用于几乎所有类型青光眼,价格也相对便宜;但是其全身副作用较大,哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、心动过缓,心脏阻滞、充血性心力衰竭、婴幼儿、毒性甲状腺病等患者慎用。

3.肾上腺素能受体激动剂(如阿法根、可乐定)

此类药物全身副作用较小,但是局部刺激症状较重,可透过血–脑屏障导致中枢抑制产生疲乏、无力、嗜睡等症状。

4.碳酸酐酶抑制剂

磺胺类过敏、肾功能不全者慎用此类药物。全身用药(如口服的乙酰唑胺、尼目克司)者不宜长期使用;而局部用药(如派立明)全身副作用小,并且可以增加眼内血流,保护视神经。

5.缩瞳剂(如匹罗卡品、真瑞)

此类药物降压幅度大,起效快,但是副作用较大,不宜长期使用;因其可以破坏血–房水屏障,引起充血、毛细血管通透性增加,不适用于新生血管性、葡萄膜炎性等继发性青光眼。

6.高渗剂(如20%甘露醇、易思清)

此类药物降压幅度最大,适用于急性高眼压,顽固性高眼压者;但其全身副作用大,严重心、肾、肺功能不良,严重脱水,电解质紊乱者禁用。

2.2青光眼的激光治疗(见图11)

激光是当代重大的科技成就之一,激光在医学的应用首先在眼科,应用最多的也是眼科,近20年来,激光在眼科的应用已成为现代眼科领域里的重要组成部分,由于各种更具潜能的新激光光源和设备技术的研制成功,青光眼的各种传统手术均可逐渐为激光治疗所取代。各种类型和各个阶段的青光眼均可采用激光治疗,激光对青光眼的治疗开创了新纪元。

1、激光虹膜周切术

适用于相对瞳孔阻滞而小梁网引流功能正常(房角开放>1/2)闭角型青光眼,为前、后房之间的房水交通造成一个直接通道,解除由于瞳孔阻滞造成的眼压升高和前房角阻塞。

2、激光虹膜成形术

适用于周边虹膜堆积,房角关闭但无顽固性粘连的闭角型青光眼,激光使得虹膜根部收缩,打开或者拉宽房角。

3、激光小梁成形术

通过激光烧灼改善房水的流出易度,适用于多数原发性开角型青光眼患者。

4、激光睫状体光凝术

破坏性手术,通过破坏睫状体的功能,减少房水生成从而达到降低眼压的目的。

2.3青光眼的手术治疗

1、虹膜切除术

通过虹膜周边部切除沟通前后房,使后房房水进入前房,再从开放的前房角引流系统外流,是一种经典和安全的眼内引流术,适用于早期青光眼患者。

2、白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术

通过摘除白内障,解除瞳孔阻滞,加深前房,加宽房角,促进房水的流出,适用于房角尚未完全粘连的早期青光眼患者。

3、滤过性手术(常规小梁切除、复合小梁切除、非穿透小梁切除术)

通过手术建立房水的外引流通道,适用于大多数各种类型的青光眼患者。

4、引流阀植入术

适用于难治性青光眼,是新生血管性、先天性青光眼的首选。

5、Ex-press青光眼微型引流钉植入术

Ex-press青光眼微型引流钉植入术是一种新型的青光眼外引流手术,引流钉植入物面积小,对眼部肌肉和周围组织影响小,并且具有良好的组织相容性,适合于所有开角型青光眼,Ex-press引流钉降眼压机制基本与传统小梁切除术相同,均是将房水引流至结膜下间隙。

2.4青光眼患者饮食护理

1.注意控制饮水量

一般每次饮水不要超过500mL。因为一次饮水过多,会导致血液高度稀释,血浆渗透压降低,使房水产生相对较多,导致眼压升高。

2.做到“三忌”

即忌烟、忌酒、忌喝浓茶。据研究,过量吸烟,由于烟中尼古丁的作用会引起视网膜血管痉挛,导致视神经缺血,烟草中的氰化物亦可引起中毒性弱视而损害视功能。大量饮酒可造成眼睛充血加重,甚至导致青光眼急性发作。喝浓茶易使人兴奋,引起眼压继发升高。

3.其他注意事项

多进食一些易消化食物,注意饮食卫生,避免肠道传染病,并保持大便通畅。少吃或不吃刺激性食物,如辣椒、生葱、胡椒等。保持精神愉快,避免精神过度紧张而诱发眼压升高。切忌暴饮暴食。

2.5青光眼患者家庭护理

青光眼的治疗固然重要,但家庭护理也不可忽视。若护理不当,可诱发青光眼发作。

1.悦心养性

情绪要稳定,波动不宜过大,保持乐观。平时要心胸豁达,不生闷气,避免无谓的精神紧张,保持愉悦的心情。

2.起居有常

工作学习环境不宜过暗,光线要充足。如果光线不足,会使瞳孔散大,诱发青光眼。工作和学习不能太劳累,不宜过度用眼,避免疲劳,注意劳逸结合,阅读时间不宜超过30~40分钟。定时参加适度的娱乐活动,改善心肺功能,增加眼部血氧供应,减少血中二氧化碳堆积。

3.职业要求

不宜从事夜间工作及美工、纺织化工、国防等辩色要求高的职业。

4.其他禁忌

忌长期低头工作和领口过紧,以减少眼部淤血;忌在黑暗处久留,以避免眼压升高;禁用阿托品、茛菪碱和颠茄等扩瞳药物。

若出现眼胀眼痛、头痛、呕吐、视力骤然下降等情况,即到医院求诊。

……

Introduction

青光眼是当今世界范围内不可逆盲的主要病因,同时也是导致全球视力丧失的第二大病因。青光眼是指眼内压力或间断、或持续升高的一种眼病。持续的高眼压可给眼球各部分组织和视功能带来损害,造成视力下降和视野缩小,如不及时治疗,视野可全部丧失甚至失明。但是很不幸,青光眼不能被彻底治愈。不过,一经早期发现,青光眼可以得到有效的治疗,以延缓青光眼的进展。因此,青光眼的治疗倡导早发现、早诊断、早治疗。本书将在青光眼的分类、青光眼的诊断、青光眼的治疗、青光眼的预防和护理等几个方面为大家详细介绍。

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