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Jingdong book

汉语人机语音通信基础

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本书是想唤起语音技术和语音科学研究人员对语音科学基础理论的重视,让大家了解语音技术基础的来龙去脉,以及它与相关学科的关系。同时,也向大家系统地呈现多年来我们在语言声学研究领域所取得的一些主要成果。本书并不着重介绍各种具体的语言机器和算法,因为随着技术发展,它们是变化很快的,况且还有众多现成的开发工具可供利用。本书只是对一些在语音技术发展进程中,起了重要作用、有代表性的系统加以描述。
Content Description

《汉语人机语音通信基础》首先系统地阐述了言语科学和言语工程赖以建立的电学、语音学和声学的基础理论与实用知识,继而介绍了语音产生的声学理论和语音分析的技术与方法,进一步给出有关汉语的语音分析结果和部分原始数据,还对言语可懂度试验和言语可懂度理论,以及言语质量评价做了深入的讨论。最后,综述构建人机语音通信的言语输出、言语输入和对话系统。读者通过《汉语人机语音通信基础》可以集中方便地获取人机语音通信这个新兴多学科交叉领域的基础知识和有关汉语语音特征的研究结果。
《汉语人机语音通信基础》可作为言语科学与技术、语音信息处理和电话通信等专业的研究生或大学高年级学生的教材或参考书,也可供听力学和嗓音医学界的从业人员阅读参考。
Author Description

张家騄 1955年毕业于北方交通大学电信系。1956年考取中国科学院副博士研究生,师从马大猷教授学习电声学专业。20世纪80年代和90年代应邀先后在瑞典皇家理工学院、隆德大学、英国伦敦大学学院和德国夫朗和费学会劳动经济与组织研究所进行合作研究,是新中国从事语言声学研究工作时间最长的老一代科研工作者之一。曾任中国科学院声学研究所学术委员会副主任、语言声学研究室主任,北京大学兼职教授,中国声学学会常务理事及语言、听觉和音乐声学分会主任委员.国际言语数据库言语输入/输出系统评价协调委员会成员,《应用声学》副主编,日本电子情报通信学会(IEICE)《信息与系统》专刊(Transactions on Information and Systems)顾问。曾获国家自然科学三等奖,国家发明二等奖,中国科学院自然科学一、二等奖,军队科技进步二等奖。发表学术论文100余篇。
Catalogue

《针学前沿进展》序

序二
前言
第0章 绪论
0.1 初创时期
0.2 机械模拟时期
0.3 波形原理时期
0.4 参数提取时期
0.5 信息处理时期
参考文献

第1章 电学基础
1.1 电学的发展
1.2 电的物理性质
1.3 电路基本元件
1.3.1 电阻
1.3.2 电感
1.3.3 变压器
1.3.4 电容
1.4 电路分析的数学工具
1.4.1 三角函数
1.4.2 双曲函数
2.8.3 区别特征的定义
2.8.4 汉语普通话区别特征系统
2.8.5 普通话儿化韵
2.9 汉语普通话机读音标SAMPA-SC
2.10韵律结构
2.10.1 音节
2.10.2 音步
2.10.3 韵律词
2.10.4 音韵短语
2.10.5 语调短语
2. 语调和语调模型
2.1 1.1 语调
2.1 1.2 语调模型
参考文献

第3章 声学基础
3.1 声学的发展
3.2 声波
3.3 管中的声波
3.3.1 驻波
3.3.2 管口的末端校正
3.3.3 管与声道
3.4 喇叭
3.5 声波的性质
3.5.1 标准大气
3.5.2 声速
3.5.3 特性阻抗
3.5.4 声衰减
3.6 声波的客观度量
3.6.1 分贝与声强级、声压级
3.6.2 声级简化计算法
3.6.3 声压级举例
3.6.4 声强测量
3.7 声波的主观度量
3.7.1 响度与响度级
3.7.2 音调、音高和临界频带
3.8 声级计
3.9 用带通滤波器作精密频率分析——邻带差值法
3.10动力类比
3.10.1 四种一维系统
3.10.2 声阻
3.10.3 声质量
3.10.4 声顺
3.10.5 声导
3.11听觉
3.11.1 人耳的构造和功能
3.11.2 听觉学说
3.11.3 听阈
3.11.4 听力损失
3.11.5 正常听力的听觉范围
3.11.6 差阈
3.11.7 双耳功能
3.12环境声学
3.12.1 房间声学
3.12.2 室内噪声和环境噪声
3.13电声学
3.13.1 传声器
3.13.2 扬声器
3.13.3 耳机
参考文献

第4章 语音产生的声学特性
4.1 人类发音系统
4.1.1 呼吸系统
4.1.2 声源器官
4.1.3 调音器官
4.2 发音器官的等效声学元件
4.3 言语声波辐射
4.4 嗓音声源
4.4.1 声门阻抗
4.4.2 嗓音声源与声道的相互互作用
4.4.3 声门脉冲的有倾
4.4.4 纹波效应
4.4.5 叠加效应
4.4.6 瞬时共振频率和带宽
4.4.7 共振峰振幅与共振峰频率、基音频率之间的关系
4.4.8 浊辅音的嗓音声源
4.5 嗓音工作方式
4.5.1 气声
4.5.2 挤音
4.5.3 耳语
4.6 非相互作用嗓音声源模型
4.7 模型的细化——剩余闭合段问题
4.8 相互作用嗓音声源模型
4.9 噪声声源
4.10声道的声学特性
4.11语音频谱构成分析
4.11.1 声道转移函数
4.11.2 共振峰模式
4.11.3 浊音频谱
4.11.4 双管模型
4.11.5 喇叭一三参数模型
4.11.6 侧壁阻抗的影响
4.11.7 声辐射阻抗的影响
4.11.8 声门阻抗的影响
4.11.9 辅音激励的影响
……
第5章 语音分析
第6章 汉语语音分析
第7章 语言可懂度与语音质量评定
第8章 言语输出
第9章 言语输入
第10章 口语对话系统
索引
名词索引
名词索引
人名索引
人名索引
后记
Book Abstract

0.1 初创时期
语音研究虽然开始得很早,但只是在个别语种中孤立地进行。语音学作为研究言语过程一般规律的一门纯科学,也只有一百多年的历史。语音的研究往往是和创制文字联系在一起的。古希腊字母从腓尼基字母演化而来,腓尼基字母是音节字母,希腊字母是音素字母,这个演化过程需要深入研究语音才能得以完成。希腊人主要根据听感,如元音的长短、辅音的强弱,对语音进行分类。欧洲人的语音知识在很长时间内都受到希腊的影响。可是,古印度对语音的描写和分类的方法就与古希腊完全不同,他们完全根据发音器官的动作和部位来描写和分类语音,即根据口腔的开合、声门的启闭以及发音器官接触的部位,对梵语语音进行分类。这种分类方法比希腊的方法更加准确和细致。
随着佛学传图中国,这种语音分析方法也自然随着梵文一起传人中国。三国时期(220~280年),魏国孙炎创用“反切”法为汉字注音,这可以说是汉语音韵学的肇始。中国不乏传统语言学的巨著,如成书于601年的《切韵》,虽然原书已佚,但是经过多人考证,得知它是一部沟通古今南北方言的韵书,用作文人审音辨韵的标准。此书按声调平、上、去、人分类,对语音分类已经有了相当的认识。
众所周知,汉字是音节字母。怎样利用汉字进行注音需要经过一番思考。反切的基本原理是,用两个汉字为另一个汉字注音。其方法是前一个汉字即反切上字的声母与被注音汉字的声母相同,后一个字即反切下字的韵母和声调与被注音汉字的韵母和声调相同。这是一种循环方法。作反切可选的同音字很多,因而缺乏唯一性。由于中国人受汉字的影响太深,对语音分析不太熟悉,所以尽管隋唐(581-907年)以后,“小学”中就包括了汉字形、音、义的研究,可是对于“反切”二字的理解却经过了一个漫长而曲折的过程。一直到清代的顾炎武才把“反切”二字的真正含义解释清楚。
韵书中每一类声母的反切上字都很多,例如声母/k/的表示在《广韵》中就有25个反切上字。零声母也必须有反切上字。
Introduction

1936年,我大学毕业,开始作研究生,范围是电声学。我在大学没有上过声学课,只是在萨本栋先生的大学物理课上,听他讲过中国棉衣的吸声特性,所以对声学的内容和发展一无所知。于是,就按导师朱物华先生和任之恭先生的指导,去检索文献。那时,现代声学还很幼稚,国际上唯一有组织的美国声学学会只有七年历史。好在当时北大物理系的藏书非常丰富,美国声学学会会刊和其他可检索的期刊、杂心=E-如科学索引、哲学杂志等都有收藏,而且是开架展览。所以,我很快地就浏览了所有会刊论文和其他有关声学的摘要,并且做了笔记。在此基础上,写出了“声学的发展和展望”的综述报告,概括地论述了当时的声学水平和发展趋向。并且,提出了两个值得注意的方向:一个是“声定位器”,利用双耳定位原理通过声音定出来袭飞机的方位,这是准备反抗日本侵略所需,不久发展了雷达,声学定位就无用了;另一个方向是“语言声的频谱分析”,当时电话上讲话不大清楚,很费劲,频谱分析的目的是找出改进电话的方法,这对我们也是重要问题。
导师朱物华先生的研究工作是电信网络的过渡现象,他有一具阴极射线示波器(只有管子,没有扫描线路)和一架高速照相机可以借给我用。我又向中国文学系语言学家罗常培教授借来一台留声机,买来留声机上用的电磁拾声器。最后,自己找来零件做了一台电阻耦合放大器。这样,攒成了中国第一套声波波形记录设备,这套设备也成了一个小段语言的波形记录系统。它读下波形就可以进行傅里叶分析了,这是中国的第一台电子式语言分析系统。
过去,我国研究语音主要靠研究人员的听力,只有刘复(半农)先生发明的声调推断尺,在烟熏纸上划出波形,测出波长,推出频率。

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