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家庭合理用药丛书:药用对了才治病·家庭合理用药问答

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《家庭合理用药丛书:药用对了才治病·家庭合理用药问答》普及合理用药知识,提高公众合理用药能力。
Content Description

常言道,人吃五谷杂粮,难免会得病。人得了病,需要及时、准确的诊断与科学合理的治疗,而药物治疗是应用最广泛的手段。随着科学技术的发展和药物生产工艺的改进,新药品、新剂型不断涌现,药品的可及性不断提高,公众能够方便地获得所需的药品。与此同时,药物的应用也出现了一些不容忽视的问题,突出的表现是用药不当和药物不良反应导致的药源性疾病日渐增多。
坚持合理用药,减少用药不当,保证用药安全,有效维护公众身体健康,已成为当前一项刻不容缓的重大问题。
应当看到,由于社会公众缺乏自我保健意识和合理用药知识,在一些医疗机构和居民家庭,普遍存在不合理用药的现象。有些人稍有不适就要求吃药、打针、输液,形成药物依赖;有些人误认为药价越高疗效越好;还有些人不遵医嘱,随意用药或停药;有些家庭大量购买、长期存放药品,甚至受潮、过期、变质,但仍在继续使用。
因此,真正做到合理用药,不仅需要广大医药工作者努力提高职业素质和专业技术水平,需要药品生产和销售企业强化药品质量管理,需要政府部门严格药品使用环节的监督管理,更需要亿万公众增强自我保健意识,掌握安全用药知识。
为了在全社会树立合理用药的理念,国家卫生计生委发布了十条合理用药核心信息。为配合信息的发布,扎扎实实地开展合理用药宣传,我们组织长期在临床一线工作的药学专家编写了本书,以普及合理用药知识,提高人民群众合理用药水平。
在《家庭合理用药丛书:药用对了才治病·家庭合理用药问答》编写过程中,我们坚持通俗易懂、简便易行的原则,采用一问一答的形式,揭示不合理用药的严重性、危害性,传播合理用药基本技能,将各种问题分门别类,既便于读者理解,又便于读者查询。
《家庭合理用药丛书:药用对了才治病·家庭合理用药问答》的编写,可能还有一些不足之处,敬请广大读者提出批评意见和建议。
Catalogue

第一部分 明明白白用药
1.什么是药品
2.什么是合理用药
3.什么是用药的安全性
4.什么是用药的有效性
5.什么是用药的经济性
6.为什么说不合理用药害己、害人、害社会
7.为什么说药品是特殊的商品
8.为什么药品必须由国家严格监管
9.什么是药品批准文号
10.如何看懂药品的批准文号
11.什么是药品生产批号
12.什么是药品的规格
13.为什么说药既能治病也可致病
14.为什么用药须听医师和药师的嘱咐
15.为什么服药必须遵循医师和药师嘱咐咐的疗程
16.到医院看病时应该告诉医师什么才能帮助医师对症下药
17.到药房取药时应该询问药师哪些信息
18.药师可从哪些方面保障民众的安全用药
19.药品是不是越贵越好
20.新药一定比老药好吗
21.药品的商品名、通用名和别名有什么区别
22.什么样的药品广告是规范的
23.吃药能跟着广告走吗
24.别人的用药经验可以照搬吗
25.什么是基本药物
26.为什么国家提倡优先使用基本药物
27.目前我国实施的2012年版基本药物目录有哪些特点
28.2012年版基本药物目录为适应儿童用药需求做了哪些改进
29.基本药物的品种是不是越多越好
30.患者使用基本药物能得到什么实惠

第二部分 正确用药保疗效
31.什么是药品的剂型,为什么同一种药要做成不同的剂型
32.什么是给药途径,为什么要选择合适的给药途径
33.什么是注射剂,有哪些优缺点
34.滥用输液有哪“七宗罪”
35.什么情况下应该接受输液治疗
36.接受输液治疗时应该注意哪些问题
37.定期输液可以预防脑血管病吗
38.老年人输液应切记什么
39.口服药能产生全身作用吗
40.什么是药物治疗的疗程
41.疗程长短取决于哪些因素,为什么要按照疗程用药
42.为什么有时需要联合用药
43.复方药物和复合药物有什么区别
44.什么是药物的相互作用
45.服用药品的种类越多越好吗
……
第三部分 正确购药保平安
第四部分 读懂药品说明书
第五部分 切勿滥用处方药
第六部分 正确认识不良反应
第七部分 特殊人群用药有讲究
第八部分 妥善贮药保质量
第九部分 接种疫苗防病有效
第十部分 保健食品不是药
Book Abstract

静脉输液(俗称“挂瓶”、“打吊针”或“输水”)在传入我国之后于20世纪90年代快速发展,由于其具有“给药直接”、“见效快”、“不过敏”等口服药不具备的“优势”,迅速被就医的病患所接受,随后静脉输液几乎替代了肌内注射。
中国平均每年每人输液的量远远高于国际上人均2.5~3.3瓶的水平,俨然成为“吊瓶大国”。一项来自中国安全注射联盟的统计数据显示,我国每年因不安全注射导致死亡的人数在39万以上。当前,我国“凡病皆吊瓶”的现象非常严重。哪怕是牙痛、伤风感冒、小外伤等小病,也要挂“吊瓶”,更有甚者,一些患有心脑血管疾病的老年患者,每年都要“输输水,通通血管”。实际上,输液治疗尽管作用强、见效快,但它的危害和不良反应也很突出,不当的输液治疗将对患者的健康造成严重危害。医师在选择用药时,要遵循“可以口服的不注射,可肌内注射不静脉注射”的原则,如果违背这一原则,滥用输液,会给患者造成不良后果,甚至危及生命。切记!输液不是“万能药”,不可能“液到病除”,过度输液还可能导致一些不良后果。
(1)存在较大风险:任何质量好的注射剂都达不到理想的“零微粒”标准,每瓶输入人体的液体里都含有一定的微粒,而人体毛细血管直径只有10微米,所以液体中这些看不见的微粒将沉积在心、肺、肝、肾、肌肉、皮肤等毛细血管中,长此下去,就会直接造成微血管血栓、出血及静脉压增高、肺动脉高压、肺纤维化并致癌。微粒堆积还会引起局部供血不足、组织缺血、缺氧、水肿和炎症、过敏等。随输液进入人体中的大量微粒被巨噬细胞吞噬后,可使巨噬细胞增大,形成肉芽肿。
(2)老年患者的“杀手”:输液过多、过快将引起急性心力衰竭,长期输液将加重心脏和肾脏负担,对健康带来严重不良影响。既使输液前做了无菌化处理,溶液的浓度合理、速度得当,输液也依然存在难以预知的风险。例如,身体虚弱者、心脏功能欠佳者,都对身体“容量”的变化十分敏感,即使只输入普通生理盐水,也会加重心脏负担,引起严重的不良反应。静脉输液发生不良反应的比例,在所有药物剂型中“高居榜首”,是最不安全的给药方式。
(3)导致人体菌群失调:输液过多往往伴随着抗菌药物的大量滥用。人的体表及体内寄存着许多细菌,正常情况下保持菌群间的平衡,就不会引发疾病。过度输液会导致人体固有的细菌菌群失调,增加细菌的耐药性和抗药性,使人体抗病能力降低。这些都将对身体产生严重的恶果,也为今后的治疗带来难以想象的不良后果。
(4)降低人体免疫力:在自然状态下,人体对周围环境的病菌具有较强的防御能力。如果大病小病都依赖输液,不仅会增强病菌的耐药性,还可能干扰人体的正常防御功能。久而久之,就会形成难以控制的恶性循环,降低人体自身的免疫能力。
(5)损伤人体肝肾等器官:俗话说:“是药三分毒”。输入的药液进入人体后,大部分都要经过肝脏代谢,最终由肾脏排出体外,这会加重肝、肾的负担。长期输液,就可能对肝、肾等器官造成损伤。一些临床上较为常用的抗菌药物,除可能引起肾功能障碍外,还会对听
力造成损害。
(6)可能造成人体不良反应:当体内输入致热、致敏物质,如游离的菌体蛋白或其他代谢产物时,可能造成人体不良反应,如发热、红疹、瘙痒、肿胀等过敏性反应,严重者还可能发生休克甚至死亡。此外,长期注射浓度过高、刺激性较强的药物易引起静脉炎等病症。
(7)医疗资源的大量浪费:过度输液为非合理用药,有些属“小病大治、大病久治”。过度输液,除了会让患者身体受损、钱包受伤,恶化国人体质状况之外,也造成了基本医疗保险基金的巨大浪费和流失。
……

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